MORPHOLOGY

By
Joko
Dwi Cahyono
Aunurrahman
In linguistics, morphology is the study of word
structure. While words are generally accepted as
being the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that
in most (if not all) languages, words can be
related to other words by rules. Morphology is
the branch of linguistics that studies such
patterns of word-formation across and within
languages, and attempts to explicate formal
rules reflective of the knowledge of the speakers
of those languages.
For example:
dog, dogs and dog-catcher.
The rules comprehended by the speaker in
each case reflect specific patterns (or
regularities) in the way words are formed
from smaller units and how those smaller
units interact in speech.
 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

Lexemes and word forms

Inflection vs. word-formation
Paradigms and morphosyntax
Allomorphy and morphophonology
Lexical morphology
Models of morphology
Morphological typology

Morphology in English
Language Teaching
 LEXEMES AND WORD-FORMS

E.g:
dog vs. dogs = lexeme
dog and dog-catcher = word-form
The form of a word that is chosen
conventionally to represent the
canonical form of a word is called a
lemma, or citation form, for example:
dog, run
INFLECTION vs WORD-FORMATION

 Inflection rules yield variant forms

of the "same" word (lexeme).
E.g: ox and oxen
 word-formation rules form "new
words" (that is, new lexemes).
two kinds of word- formation:
derivation and compounding.
E.g: dog-catcher, dishwasher
in-dependent
PARADIGMS & MORPHOSYNTAX

Paradigm is the complete set of related

word-forms associated with a given lexeme.
e.g: the personal pronouns in English can be
organized into tables, using the categories of
person, number, gender and case.

morphosyntax is the part of morphology

that covers the relationship between syntax
and morphology, and it concerns itself with
inflection and paradigms, but not with
word-formation or compounding.
 ALLOMORPHY &
MORPHOPHONOLOGY

Allomorphy the same distinction is effected by

alternative changes to the form of a word. Cases
considered "regular", with the final -s, are not so
simple; the -s in dogs is not pronounced the
same way as the -s in cats, and in a plural like
dishes, an "extra" vowel appears before the -s.

Morphophonology is the study of allomorphy

that results from the interaction of morphology
and phonology
 Lexical
Lexicalmorphology
morphology
Lexical morphology is the branch
of morphology that deals with the
lexicon, which, morphologically
conceived, is the collection of
lexemes in a language. As such, it
concerns itself primarily with
word-formation: derivation and
compounding.
 Models of morphology

There are three principal

approaches to morphology, which
each try to capture the distinctions
above in different ways. These are,
Morpheme-based morphology
Lexeme-based morphology
Word-based morphology
 Morpheme-based
morphology
word-forms are analyzed as
sequences of morphemes. A
morpheme is defined as the
minimal meaningful unit of a
language. In a word like
independently, we say that the
morphemes are
In +depend + ent + ly;
depend is the root
 Lexeme-based
morphology
Lexeme-based morphology is
(usually) an Item-and-Process
approach. Instead of analyzing a
word-form as a set of morphemes
arranged in sequence,
e.g: dog dogs
dog + s(formed by affixing)
goose geese
(formed simply by altering the vowel in the stem)
 Word-based morphology
Word-based morphology is a (usually) Word-
and-Paradigm approach. Instead of stating
rules to combine morphemes into word-
forms, or to generate word-forms from
stems, word-based morphology states
generalizations that hold between the forms
of inflectional paradigms.

The examples are usually drawn from

fusional languages.
such as older replacing elder (where older follows
the normal pattern of adjectival superlatives)
 Morphological typology
In the 19th century, philologists devised a now
classic classification of languages according to
their morphology. According to this typology,
some languages are isolating, and have little
to no morphology; others are agglutinative,
and their words tend to have lots of easily-
separable morphemes.

E.g: classic example of an isolating language is Chinese;

the classic example of an agglutinative language is Turkish;
both Latin and Greek are classic examples of fusional
languages
 Morphology
in English Language Teaching

Prince (2007) in Nurhemida (2007:10) reports a

study done by Nonie Lesaux, that shows that ”a
learner who understands how words are formed,
by combining prefixes, suffixes, and roots, tends
to have larger vocabularies and better reading
comprehension.”
Then, Anglin (1993) in Nurhemida (2007:10) also
stated that “the type of morphological knowledge,
namely derivations and inflections, will also have
an effect on vocabulary learning.”
Therefore, morphology can be use in English
language teaching especially in teaching English
 WAH
BANJIR
MAS?

THANK YOU