Cell Structure

and
Function
The Cell Theory
 The cell is the basic unit of life.
 All living organisms are made up of

cells.
 New cells arise only from preexisting

cells.
Classification of Cells
Prokaryotes (Prokayotic cells)
 Lack nucleus

Eukaryotes (Eukaryotic cells)

 Possess a nucleus
Parts of an
Animal Cell
Plasma Membrane
 Isolates the interior of the cell from
the external environment.
 Semi-permeable
Nucleus
 Stores the genetic information as
DNA organized into linear structures
called chromosomes.
 Genes – segments of DNA that

contain information for the

production of specific proteins.
Chromatin
 The combination of DNA molecules
and proteins that make up the
chromosomes.
 Surrounded by a semifluid medium

called the nucleoplasm

Nucleolus
 This is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is
produced.
Nuclear Envelope
 A double membrane that separates the
nucleus from the cytoplasm.
 Nuclear pores – permit the passage of

ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus and

proteins into the nucleus.
Ribosomes
 Organelles composed of proteins
and rRNA.
 Where protein synthesis occurs

 Often attached to the endoplasmic

reticulum
 Polyribosomes (group)
Endomembrane System
 Nuclear Envelope
 Endoplasmic reticulum

 Golgi apparatus

 Lysosomes

 Vesicles (tiny, membranous sacs)

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Studded with ribosomes on the

side of the membrane that faces

the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Does not have attached ribosomes

 Synthesizes the phospholipids and

other lipids that occur in

membranes.
Golgi Apparatus
 Named after Camillo Golgi (1898)
 Consists of a stack of slightly curved

saccules, whose appearance can be

compared to a stack of pancakes.
 Modifies the proteins and lipids from the

ER.
Golgi Apparatus
 Involved in the processing,
packaging and secretion
Lysosomes
 Membranous sacs produced by the
Golgi apparatus
 Found in all cells of the body but are

particularly numerous in white blood

cells
Lysosomes
 Membrane-bound organelle or a
specialized vesicle that contain
numerous enzymes capable of
breaking down all types of biological
polymers.
Endomembrane
System
Cytoskeleton
 Consists of microtubules, actine
filaments, and intermediate
filaments that give the cell its shape
 Allows organelles to move about the

cell
Centrioles
 Cylindrical cell structures that are
composed of groupings of
microtubules
 Help organize the assembly of

microtubulues during cell division

Centrioles
 Located outside, but near the
nucleus.
 Important for the formation of cell

structures known as cilia and

flagella.
Centrosome
 Organelle that is the main place
where microtubulues are organized
 Regulates cell division
Mitochondria
 Powerhouse of the cell
 Organelle that carries out cellular

respiration
 Produces ATP
Cytoplasm
 The substance that fills the cell.
 Jelly-like substance, made up of

80% water and is usually clear and

colorless.
 Cytosol
Parts of a Plant
Cell