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Ch2 ER-95
Ch2 ER-95
Chapter 2
Requirements analysis →
Conceptual Database design →
Logical Database design →
Schema refinement →
Physical Database design
Applications and security
Employees
since Employees
name dname
super- subor-
ssn lot did budget visor dinate
Reports_To
Employees Works_In Departments
So many to many
* arrow indicates
that given a dept it
uniquely
determines the
Manages 1-to-1 1-to Many Many-to-1 Many-to-Many
relationship in
which it appears
Database Management Systems 3ed, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke
Participation Constraints
Does every department have a manager?
If so, this is a participation constraint: the participation of Departments in
Manages is said to be total (vs. partial).
Every Department entity must appear in an instance of the
relationship Works_In (have an employee) and every Employee
must be in a Department
Works_In
since
Database Management Systems 3ed, R. Ramakrishnan and J. Gehrke 1
Weak Entities
A weak entity can be identified uniquely only by considering
the primary key of another (owner) entity.
Owner entity set and weak entity set must participate in a one-to-
many relationship set (one owner, many weak entities).
hourly_wages hours_worked
ISA
contractid
Hourly_Emps Contract_Emps
Aggregation Employees
Monitors until
Manages2 Departments
ISA
Managers dbudget
policyid cost
Purchaser
Beneficiary
Policies
policyid cost
Key constraint
Total participation of policies in purchaser
relationship