Introduction of Neuroanatomy

Muhammad Iqbal Basri

Anatomy Department
Hasanuddin University

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 Cellular organization

 Neurons
 Cell body
 Axon
 Dendrites

 Neuroglia －glial cell

 Astrocyt
 Oligodendrocyt
 Microglia

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Structural classification
 Bipolar neuron
has an axon and a dendrite
 Pseudounipolar neuron
has a central branch and a
peripheral branch
 Multipolar neuron has an axon
and two or more dendrites

Functional classification
 Sensory (afferent) neuron
 Motor (efferent) neuron
 Association neuron

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Basic terminology in nervous system

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In the CNS
 Substantia grisea :
collection of nerve cell bodies
and their dendrites, gray color
during fresh condition
 Cortex : the outermost layer
of gray matter in cerebrum
and cerebellum
 Substantia alba: collection of
nerve fibers, white color
during fresh condition
 Medulla: a central core of
white matter beneath cortex of
cerebrum and cerebellum
 Nucleus: a collection ( group )
of cell bodies which have the
same shape and function

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 Fasciculus ( tractus ): a
bundle of nerve fibers
which have the same
origin, termination,
pathway and function
 Reticular formation: an
admixture of cross-
crossing fibers with
larger or smaller groups
of nerve cells occupying
the meshes

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In the PNS
 Ganglion : a
collection of neuronal
cell bodies outside the
CNS
 Nerve : a bundle of
nerve fibers held
together by connective
tissue sheath

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 Neurons
• Dendrites: carry nerve impulses toward cell body
• Axon: carries impulses away from cell body
• Synapses: site of communication between neurons using chemical
neurotransmitters
• Myelin & myelin sheath: lipoprotein covering produced by glial cells
(e.g., Schwann cells in PNS) that increases axonal conduction velocity
• Demyelinating diseases: e.g., Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in CNS or
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in PNS
dendrites
cell
axon with
body
myelin sheath

Schwann
cell
synapses
Moore’s COA5 2006 9
 Sensory (Afferent) vs. Motor (Efferent)
sensory (afferent) nerve

(pseudo-) unipolar neurons conducting impulses e.g., skin

from sensory organs to the CNS

motor (efferent) nerve

e.g., muscle
multipolar neurons conducting impulses
from the CNS to effector organs (muscles & glands)
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Gray’s Anatomy 38 1999
 Structure of Spinal Nerves: Somatic Pathways
dorsal root dorsal
dorsal root ganglion ramus
spinal
dorsal nerve somatic
horn sensory
nerve
CNS (GSA)
inter-
neuron
ventral ventral somatic
horn ramus motor
nerve
(GSE)
ventral root
white ramus
communicans
Mixed Spinal
sympathetic gray ramus
Nerve ganglion communicans 11
Stimulus
 STIMULUS
 SENSORIS STIMULUS
- Exteroceptif
- Interoceptif
- Proprioceptif

 MOTORIS STIMULUS
Fast Stimulus 10 – 120 m/second

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NEUROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
1. Clinical Diagnosis
2. Topical Diagnosis NEUROANATOMY

3. Ethiological Diagnosis

FUNCTIONAL NEUROANATOMY

Clinical Neuroanatomy

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References

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