Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 26

ANTIMICROBIALS

AGENTS
Setio Harsono
Dept/SMF Mikrobiologi Klinik
FK Unair/RSUD.Dr.Soetomo
Kompetensi yang diharapkan :

Mahasiswa setelah mengikuti kuliah ini :

1. Memahami mekanisme kerja antimikroba.

2. Memahami mekanisme terjadinya resistensi


mikroba terhadap obat antimikroba.

3. Mengetahui tentang uji kepekaan antimikroba.


Desirable Properties :

1. Selective toxicity
2. Bactericidal
3. Susceptible organisms do not become resistant
4. Effective againts a broad range of
microorganisms
5. Should not be allergenic
6. Should not cause adverse side effect
7. Should remain active in the presence of plasma,
body fluids, or exudates
8. Water soluble and stable
9. Bactericidal levels in the body be rapidly reached
and maintained for prolonged periods
Definitions :
 Bactericidals = kills the organisms
againts which they are used.
 Bacteriostatic = inhibitory to the
organisms and relys upon the host
defence mechanisms for final
eradications.
Antimicrobials drug used in combinations

1. Prompt treatment of unknown pathogens.


2. Mixed infections.
3. Delay emergence of resistant mutants.
4. Synergism.
Adverse effect :
1. Toxic side effect.

2. Development of hypersensitivity.

3. Mask serious infection without


eradicating pathogens.
4. Alteration of normal flora.
MECHANISMS OF ACTION :
1. Cell Wall Inhibitors.
 Penicillin. ■ Cephalosporin ■ Fosfomycin.
 Vancomycin. ■ Bacitracin.
2. Cell Membrane Inhibitors.
 Polymyxins
3. Inhibitors of Proteins Synthesis and Assembly.
 Inhibitors of Transcription :
● Rifampicin ● Actinomycin
 Inhibitors of Translation
● Inhibitors of the 30S Ribosomal Subunit.
- Aminoglycosides - Nitrofurans - Tetracyclin
● Inhibitors of the 50S Ribosomal Subunit.
- Chloramphenicol - Lincomycin and Clindamycin
- Fusidic Acid - Erythromycin
 Inhibitors of Protein Assembly.
● Griseofulvin.
4. Inhibitors of DNA Function.
• Quinolones
• Novobiocin
• Metronidazole
• Mitomycin
5. Metabolite Analogues.
• Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Isoniazid, PAS, Sulfones,
Flucytosine.
MEKANISME RESISTENSI
ANTIMIKROBA
MECHANISMS OF ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTENCE :

1. Decreased Cell Permeability.


 Tetracyclines Resistance.
2. Enzymatic Inactivation of the Antimicrobials.
 Inactivation of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.
 Inactivation of Aminoglycosides Antibiotics.

 Inactivation of Chlorampenicol.

3. Modification of Antimicrobials Receptor side.


 Streptomycin Resistance.
 Erythromycin Resistance.

 Rifampicin Resistance.

 Penicillin Resistance.

4. Synthesis of Resistance Pathway.


 Sulfonamide Resistance.
 Trimethoprim Resistance.
Resistensi bakteri terhadap Antimikroba
1. Non Genetik
Bakteri yang proses metabolismenya tidak aktif  resisten terhadap
antimikroba.
Misal : Mycobacterium yang tidak mengadakan multiplikasi dalam
sel inang (Dormant)  resisten terhadap Antimikroba.
Bakteri kehilangan target spesifik untuk Antimikroba.
Misal : Bakteri L-form karena tidak mempunyai dinding sel 
Resisten terhadap Penicillin / Cephalosporin.
2. Genetik
Mikroorganisme sering resisten terhadap Antimikroba  karena adanya
perubahan genetik.

Perubahan Genetik
● Chromosome
● Extra Chromosome
● Chromosome Resistance

Terjadi karena Mutasi spontan  perubahan struktur


receptor untuk antimikroba.
Misal : Perubahan receptor spesifik pada Ribosome.

● Extra Chromosome Resistance


Bakteri mempunyai elemen genetik extra chromosome
letak didalam cytoplasma  disebut Plasmid.
R-factor  Plasmid yang mengatur resistensi terhadap
antimikroba
Elemen Genetik dapat ditransfer dari satu sel
bakteri ke sel bakteri lain

● Transduksi
Misal : Staphylococcus  plasmid ß – lactamase
● Transformasi
Misal : H. influenzae
● Conjugasi
Misal : Bakteri Gram negatif  melalui Pili
UJI KEPEKAAN ANTIMIKROBA
UJI KEPEKAAN ANTIMIKROBA

 Implikasi Klinis Pemakaian Antimikroba

● Pemakaian antimikroba  terjadi seleksi 


kuman resisten berkembang biak 
kuman sensitif akan mati / punah.
● Kuman patogen  banyak yang resisten.
● Untuk terapi penderita yang tepat 
perlu dilakukan Uji Kepekaan Antimikroba.
 Tujuan Uji Kepekaan Antimikroba :

Mengetahui apakah kuman yang diisolasi dari


penderita masih sensitif atau sudah resisten
terhadap antimikroba tertentu.

Jenis pemeriksaan :

1. Pemeriksaan Kwalitatif
2. Pemeriksaan Kwantitatif
● Kwalitatif  mengetahui kuman sensitif/resisten
terhadap antimikroba.

● Kwantitatif  1. mengetahui kuman sensitif/resisten


terhadap antimikroba.
2. mengetahui berapa konsentrasi
antimikroba yang dapat menghambat
atau membunuh kuman.

■ Pemeriksaan Kwalitatif :
Cara : Uji Difusi
Metode : 1. Agar disk diffusion ( metode Kirby-Bauer).
2. Agar wells diffusion.
■ Pemeriksaan Kwantitatif :
Cara : Uji Dilusi
Metode : 1. Agar dilution.
2. Broth dilution: - Micro dilution test.
- Macro dilution test.

■ Uji Kepekaan Kuman Anaerob :


Cara : Uji Dilusi
Metode : 1. Agar dilution.
2. Broth dilution: - Micro dilution test.
- Macro dilution test.
Cara : Uji Elusi
Metode : Broth-Disk elution.
Menurut Standard CLSI : (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)
Metode : Agar disk diffusion
1. Medium: Mueller-Hinton agar
2. Inokulum kuman: 0,5 Mc Farland standard ~ 1,5 x 108 kuman/ml
3. Disk content: - Penicillin = 10 units - Chloramphenicol = 30 µg
- Tetracycline = 30 µg - Erythromycin = 15 µg
- dll.
4. Inkubasi: 35 ± 2º C, ambient air, 16 – 18 jam

Mc Farland Nephelometer Standard :


0,5 1 2 3 4 5
Barium Chloride (mL) 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
Sulfuric Acid (mL) 9,95 9,9 9,8 9,7 9,6 9,5
Approx. Cell Density 1,5 3 6 9 12 15
8
(x 10 / mL)

You might also like