Sampling

BME 2211 S#3

Sampling
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 2

• Process of converting a continuous-time signal into a discrete-time sequence .

• is obtained by extracting every T second where T is known as the sampling
period or interval

Fig: Conversion of analog signal to discrete-time sequence

• Relationship between and is

Sampling
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 3

• Conceptually, conversion of to is achieved by a continuous-time to discrete-

time (CD) converter

Fig: Block diagram of CD converter

Example
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 4

• The continuous-time signal is used as the input for a CD converter with the
sampling period 1/300 s. Determine the resultant discrete-time signal

• Solution:
Sampling
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 5

• A fundamental question is whether can uniquely represent or if we can use

to reconstruct

Fig: Different analog signals map to same sequence

Sampling
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 6

• But, the answer is yes when:

• (1) is bandlimited such that its Fourier transform for where is called the
bandwidth
• (2) Sampling period T is sufficiently small
Band-Limited Signals
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 7

Xc(j)
Band-Limited 1

N N 

Band-Unlimited Yc(j)


Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 8

• Continuous-Time Fourier transform pair is defined as


X c  j    c
x  t  e  jt
dt


1
xc  t    X c  j  e jt
d
2  

• We write xc(t) as a weighted sum of complex exponentials

• Remember some Fourier Transform properties
• Time Convolution (frequency
x(t)  y(tdomain
)  X( jmultiplication)
)Y( j)

x(t)(time
• Frequency Convolution y(t)  X( jmultiplication)
domain )  Y( j)

e jot  X j    o  
x(t)shift)
• Modulation (Frequency
Frequency Domain Representation of Sampling
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 9

• Modulate (multiply) continuous-time signal with pulse train:

 
x s  t   x c  t  s t    x  t   t  nT 
c s(t)    t  nT 
n   n  

• Let’s take the Fourier Transform of xs(t) and s(t)

1 2 
X s  j   X c  j   S j  S j       k  s 
2 T k  

• Fourier transform of pulse train is again a pulse train

• Note that multiplication in time is convolution in frequency
• We represent frequency1with
  = 2f hence  s = 2fs
X s  j    X  j   k  
c s
T k  
Frequency Domain Representation of Sampling
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 10

• Convolution with pulse creates replicas at pulse location:


1
X s  j    X c  j   k s  
T k  
• This tells us that the impulse train modulator
• Creates images of the Fourier transform of the input signal
• Images are periodic with sampling frequency
• If s< N sampling maybe irreversible due to aliasing of images

X c  j 
-N N

X s  j  s>2N

3s -2s s -N N s 2s 3s

X s  j  s<2N

3s -2s s -N N s 2s 3s

Nyquist Sampling Theorem
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 11

• Let xc(t) be a bandlimited signal with

X c ( j)  0 for   N

• Then xc(t) is uniquely determined

2 by its samples x[n]= xc(nT) if
s   2fs  2N
T

•  N is generally known as the Nyquist Frequency

• The minimum sampling rate that must be Low
exceeded
pass filter is known as the Nyquist

Rate X  j   >2 s N
s

3s -2s s -N N s 2s 3s

X s  j  s<2N

3s -2s s -N N s 2s 3s

Statement of Sampling theorem
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 12

• Shannon's version of the sampling theorem states

• If a function x(t) contains no frequencies higher than B hertz, it is completely determined by
giving its ordinates at a series of points spaced 1/(2B) seconds apart.
• A sufficient sample-rate is therefore anything larger than 2B samples per second. Equivalently, for a given
sample rate s, perfect reconstruction is guaranteed possible for a bandlimit B < s /2.

• Nyquist Sampling Theorem

• A bandlimited continuous-time signal can be sampled and perfectly reconstructed from its
samples if the waveform is sampled over twice as fast as it's highest frequency component.
• To perfectly reconstruct a signal with spectrum between 0 and N, the sampling rate must be greater than .
• The frequency N is called Nyquist frequency
• The minimum sampling frequency for perfectly reconstruction of original signal i.e. is called Nyquist rate.
• s< N
Statement of Sampling theorem
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 13

• Table: Typical bandwidths and sampling frequencies in signal processing applications

• Example: Determine the Nyquist frequency and Nyquist rate for the continuous-time signal
which has the form of:

• Solution: The frequencies are 0, and rad/s . The Nyquist frequency is rad/s and the Nyquist
rate is
Effect of under sampling: Aliasing
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 14

• When s is chosen sufficiently large such that all copies of do not overlap,
that is, s -b > b or s > 2b , we can get from

Fig: for sufficiently large s

Effect of under sampling: Aliasing
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 15

• When s is not chosen sufficiently large such that , s < 2b copies of
overlap, we cannot get from , which is referred to aliasing

Fig: when s is not large enough

Reconstruction of CT signal from samples
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 16

Fig: Multiplying and to recover

• In frequency domain, we multiply ) by with T amplitude and bandwidth c

with b < c < s - b , to obtain , and it corresponds to
Reconstruction of CT signal from samples
Dept of BME, KUET, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh Sub: BME 2211 Course Title: Signals and Systems 17

• Process of transforming back to

Low pass filter

Low pass filter

s>2N

X s  j 
3s -2s s -N N s 2s 3s
Fig: Block diagram of DC converter

3s s -N N s 2s 3s

-2s
• Here is