The Per-Unit System

Three-Phase Systems
W. H. Kersting
New Mexico State University
Wkerstin@nmsu.edu
(505) 646-2434
From the Previous Lecture
Actual _ Something
Per  Unit _ Something 
Base _ Same _ Something

The “Base” is a magnitude only

The “Actual” can be a complex number

The “per-unit” will be a scaled magnitude with

the same complex angle as the “actual”

There is no such thing as a “per-unit” angle

 Single-Phase Per-Unit
Voltage and Current

Vactual / 
V pu   V pu /   Vrpu  jVx pu
Vbase
I actual / 
I pu   I pu /   Irpu  jIx pu
Ibase
 Single-Phase Per-Unit
Impedance
Z actual  Ractual  jX actual
Z actual  Z actual / 
Ractual X actual
Z pu  j  R pu  jX pu
Zbase Zbase
Z actual / 
Z pu   Z pu / 
Zbase
Three-Phase Per-Unit
Voltage and Current
VLN actual
VLN pu 
VLNbase
VLLactual
VLL pu 
VLLbase
Ilineactual
Iline pu 
Ilinebase
Idelta actual
Idelta pu 
Ideltabase
 Three-Phase Per-Unit
Complex Power
S 3actual
S 3 pu   P3 pu  jQ3 pu
S 3base
S1actual
S1 pu   P1 pu  jQ1 pu
S1base
Table of Base Values
S and V bases
S 3basekVA  select
S 3basekVA
S1basekVA 
3
VLLbasekV  select
VLLbasekV
VLNbasekV 
3
Table of Base Values
I and Z bases
S 3basekVA
IYbase A 
3  VLLbasekV
IYbase A
IDbase A 
3
2
VLLbasekV  1000
ZYbase 
S 3basekVA
ZDbase  3  ZYbase
 Transmission Line Example
IS Z IR

+ I line +
VS Y1 Y2 VR Load
_ _

z  0.0644  j  .608 /mile

6
y  j 6.877 10 S/mile

length  400 miles

 Load Data
kVA load 350000

kVLL load 345

PF load 0.9 lag

Compute Actual Z and Y
Z z length Z  25.76  243.2j 
1 
Y1 y length Y 1  0.0014j S
2

Y2 Y1 Y 2  0.0014j S
 Table of Base Values
Selected
kVA base 100000 kVA base  100000

kVLL base 345 kVLL base  345

 Table of Base Values
kVLL base 345
Computed
kVLL base  345

kVLL base
kVLN base kVLN base  199.1858
3
kVA base
I base I base  167.3479
3  kVLL base

kVLL base  1000

2

Z base Z base  1190.25

kVA base

1
Y base Y base  0.00084
Z base
Compute PU Z and Y
Z
Z pu Z pu  0.0216  0.2043j
Z base

Y1
Y1 pu Y1 pu  1.6371j
Y base

Y2
Y2 pu Y2 pu  1.6371j
Y base
 Compute PU Load Data
kVA load j acos PF load
VA pu e VA pu  3.15  1.5256j
kVA base

kVLL load j 0
arg VR pu
VR pu e VR pu  1 0
kVLL base deg

VA pu arg IR pu
IR pu IR pu  3.5  25.8419
VR pu deg
 PU Equivalent Circuit
IS 0.0216+j0.2043 3.5/-25.84
+ I line +
VS j1.6371 j1.6371 1/0 Load
_ _
 Analyze-1
arg IY1 pu
IY1 pu Y1 pu  VR IY1 pu  1.6371  90
pu
deg
arg Iline pu
Iline pu IY1 pu IR pu Iline pu  3.152  2.0264
deg

arg VS pu
VS pu VR pu Z pu  Iline VS pu  1.2289  31.7154
pu
deg

arg IY2 pu
IY2 pu Y2 pu  VS IY2 pu  2.0118  121.7154
pu
deg

arg IS pu
IS pu IY2 pu Iline pu IS pu  2.775  41.0618
deg
 Analyze-2
SS pu VS pu  IS pu SS pu  3.365 0.5538j

SR pu VR pu  IR pu SR pu  3.15  1.5256j

Ploss pu Re SS pu Re SR pu Ploss pu  0.215

 Convert-1
arg VR LN
VR LN VR pu  kVLN VR LN  199.1858 0
base
deg

j 30 deg 
arg VR LL
VR LL VR pu  e kVLL base VR LL  345  30
deg

arg ( IR)
IR IR pu  I base IR  585.7177  25.8419
deg
arg VS LN
VS LN VS pu  kVLN base VS LN  244.7825  31.7154
deg

j 30 deg 
arg VS LL
VS LL VS pu kVLL base VS LL  258.1943  6.184
deg

arg ( IS )
IS IS pu  I base IS  464.3973  41.0618
deg
 Convert-2
SS pu  kVA base
SS SS  336.5017 55.384j MVA
1000

SR pu  kVA base
SR SR  315  152.5615j MVA
1000
Ploss pu  kVA base
P loss P loss  21.5017 MW
1000
 Come Hell or High Water
I1 I3 I5
E1 E3 E5
nt nt nt

1 1 1
E2 E4 E6
Zs T I2 Zs T I4 Zs T I6

Come Hell or High Water

E1  nt E2 E3  nt E4 E5  nt E6
1 1 1
I1  I2 I3  I4 I5  I6
nt nt nt
 Standard
-
Delta-Wye
VCA +
A B C
I IB IC
A
+ V AB VBC
- + -

I1 I3 I5
E E3 E5
+ 1 - + - + -
nt nt nt

1 1 1
- E2 + - E4 + - E6 +
ZsT I2 ZsT I4 ZsT I6

+ Van - + Vbn - + Vcn -

n
a Ia b Ib c Ic
 No-Load Voltages
VAB
Vca V ab
Vcn
VCN
VAN
V an
VCA

Vbn
V
BN VBC
Vbc

V AB  E3  nt E4   ntVbn
VBC  E5  nt E6   ntVcn
VCA  E1  nt E2   ntVan
 Define “Transformer Ratio”
VAB
Vca V ab
Vcn
VCN
VAN
V an
VCA

Vbn
V
BN VBC
Vbc

V AN 
1
3
V AB 
1
3
 nt an 
V 
nt
3
Van  at Van

V V
at  AN  AB
Van Vab
 Load Currents
Ic
IC
I3 IA

I1
Ia

I5
Ib IB

1 1 1
I1   Ia I3   Ib I5   Ic
nt nt nt

I A  I 3  I1 I B  I5  I3 I c  I1  I5
 “Transformer Ratio” - I
Ic
IC
I3 IA

I1
Ia

I5
Ib IB

3 1
I A  3 I1  Ia  Ia
nt at
 Moral To The Story
ZT at :1
+ Iex = Ia +
IA I1 I2
+ +
E1 E2
V AN Gc -jBm V
an
- -
- -

VLLhirated
at 
VLLlorated
E1  at E2
1
I1  I 2
at
 Table of Base Values-1
Primary Secondary
S 3kVA Select  kVA p Same as
Primary kVAs
S1kVA S 3kVA Same as Primary
3
VLLkV Select  kVLL p kVLL p
kVLLs 
at
VLN kV kVLLkV kVLLs
3 3
 Table of Base Values-2
IY kVA p kVAs
IY p  IYs 
3  kVLL p 3  kVLLs

ID IY p IYs
3 3
ZY
kVLL2p  1000 kVLL2s  1000
ZY p  ZYs 
kVA p kVAs
ZD ZD p  3  ZY p ZDs  3  ZYs
 Example Problem
Base-1 Base-2 Base-3
Gen T1 T2
Line
Load

Bus-1 Bus-2 Bus-3 Bus-4

 System Data
Generator: 100,000 kVA, 13.8 kV, Z = 1.0 + j 4.0 %

T1: 150,000 kVA, 14.4-230 kV, Z = 1.0 + j 8.0 %

Line: Z = 45 + j120 Ohms/phase

T2: Three single-phase transformers connected delta (hi) – wye

(low)
Each transformer is rated:
35,000 kVA, 220-40 kV, Z = 1.5 + j 6.5 %
 Mathcad Define Data
kVA gen  100000 kVLLgen  13.8 Zgen  1.0  j 4.0 %

kVA T1  150000 kVLLlo T1  14.4 kVLLhiT1  230 ZT1  1.0  j 8.0 %

Zline  45  j 120 

kVA1T2  35000 kVhiT2  220 kVlo T2  40 ZT2  1.5  j 6.5 %

kVA load  90000 kVLLload  65 PFload  0.9 Lag

Convert T2 to Three-Phase
Rating
kVA T2  3 kVA1T2 kVA T2  105000

kVLLhiT2  kVhiT2 kVLLhiT2  220

kVLLlo T2  3 kVlo T2 kVLLlo T2  69.282

 Compute “transformer ratios”
Compute "transformer ratios" for T1 and T2:
kVLLhiT1
at1  at1  15.9722
kVLLlo T1

kVLLhiT2
at2  at2  3.1754
kVLLlo T2
 Required-1
• Table of Base Values for the three bases
assuming 100,000 kVA, 13.8 kV in the
generator (Base-1) circuit.
• Per-unit line-to-neutral equivalent circuit
showing all impedances in per-unit based
upon the Table of Base Values
 Base-1 Table
kVA 1  100000 kVA 1  100000

kVLL1  13.8 kVLL1  13.8

kVLL1
kVLN1  kVLN1  7.9674
3
kVA 1
I1  I1  4183.6976
3 kVLL1
2
kVLL1  1000
Z1  Z1  1.9044
kVA 1
1
Y1  Y1  0.5251
Z1
 Base-2 Table
kVA 2  kVA 1 kVA 2  100000

kVLL2  at1 kVLL1 kVLL2  220.4167

kVLL2
kVLN2  kVLN2  127.2576
3
kVA 2
I2  I2  261.9358
3 kVLL2
2
kVLL2  1000
Z2  Z2  485.8351
kVA 2

1
Y2  Y2  0.0021
Z2
 Base-3 Table
kVA 3  kVA 2 kVA 3  100000

kVLL2
kVLL3  kVLL3  69.4132
at 2

kVLL3
kVLN3  kVLN3  40.0758
3

kVA 3
I3  I3  831.758
3 kVLL3
2
kVLL3  1000
Z3  Z3  48.182
kVA 3

1
Y3  Y3  0.0208
Z3
 Convert Impedances to PU
Using the Tables
Convert all impedances to per-unit using the Table of Base Values:
2
Zgen  kVLLgen  kVA 1
Zpu gen     kVA Zpu gen  0.01  0.04j
100  kVLL1  gen

2
ZT1  kVLLloT1  kVA 1
Zpu T1     kVA Zpu T1  0.0073  0.0581j
100  kVLL1  T1

2
ZT1  kVLLhiT1  kVA 2
Zpu T1     kVA Zpu T1  0.0073  0.0581j
100  kVLL2  T1

Zline
Zpu line  Zpu line  0.0926  0.247j
Z2
2
ZT2  kVLLhiT2  kVA 2
Zpu T2     kVA Zpu T2  0.0142  0.0617j
100  kVLL2  T2
 Per-Unit LN Circuit
.01+j.04 .0073+j.0581 .0926+j.2470 .0142+j.0617

+ + + +
+ I I I load
gen line
Eg Vpu 1 Vpu 2 Vpu 3 Vpu Load
4
-
- - - -
 Required-2
1. The load is operating at 90,000 kVA, 65 kV, 0.9 lagging power factor.
Determine:
 The per-unit and actual load current and voltage
 The per-unit and actual line and generator currents
 The per-unit and actual LN and LL voltages at Buses 1, 2, 3 and 4
 The per-unit and actual complex power supplied by the generator
 The per-unit and actual power loss on the line
 The voltage regulation at the load
 Load Voltage and Current
kVA load j  acos PFload
VA pu  e VA pu  0.81  0.3923j
kVA 3

kVLLload j  0 arg  Vpu 4

Vpu 4  e Vpu 4  0.9364 0
kVLL3 deg

VA pu arg  Ipu load
Ipu load  Ipu load  0.9611  25.8419
Vpu 4 deg
arg  Iactualload
Iactualload  Ipu load I3 Iactualload  799.4081  25.8419
deg
 Generator and Line Currents
arg  Ipu gen
Ipu gen  Ipu load Ipu gen  0.9611  25.8419
deg
arg  Iactualgen
Iactualgen  Ipu gen I1 Iactualgen  4020.979  25.8419
deg
arg  Ipu load
Ipu line  Ipu load Ipu load  0.9611  25.8419
deg
arg  Iactualline
Iactualline  Ipu line I2 Iactualline  251.7483  25.8419
deg
 Bus 3 Voltages
arg  Vpu 3
Vpu 3  Vpu 4  Zpu T2 Ipu load Vpu 3  0.9757  2.7835
deg
arg  VLNact3
VLNact3  Vpu 3 kVLN2 VLNact3  124.1676  2.7835
deg

j  30 deg arg  VLLact 3

VLLact3  Vpu 3 e  kVLL2 VLLact3  215.0646  32.7835
deg
 Bus-2 Voltages
arg  Vpu 2
Vpu 2  Vpu 3  Zpu line Ipu line Vpu 2  1.1793  10.862
deg

arg  VLNact2
VLNact2  Vpu 2 kVLN2 VLNact2  150.0738  10.862
deg

j  30 deg arg  VLLact2

VLLact2  Vpu 2 e  kVLL2 VLLact2  259.9355  40.862
deg
 Bus-1 Voltages
arg  Vpu 1
Vpu 1  Vpu 2  Zpu T1 Ipu gen Vpu 1  1.2189  12.7697
deg

arg  VLNact1
VLNact1  Vpu 1 kVLN1 VLNact1  9.7117  12.7697
deg

j  30 deg arg  VLLact 1

VLLact1  Vpu 1 e  kVLL1 VLLact1  16.8211  42.7697
deg
 Line Complex Powers

Spuin line  Vpu 2 Ipu line Spuin line  0.9087  0.6774j

Sactin line  Spuin line kVA 2 Sactin line  90870.5434  67742.5794j


Spuoutline  Vpu 3 Ipu line Spuout line  0.8231  0.4493j

Sactoutline  Spuout line kVA 2 Sactoutline  82314.6238  44926.7938j

 Line Power Loss
Ppulineloss  Re Spuin line  Re Spuoutline Ppulineloss  0.0856

Pactlineloss  Ppulineloss kVA 2 Pactlineloss  8555.9196

Re Spuoutline
Eff   100 Eff  90.5845 %
Re Spuin line
 Voltage Regulation
arg  Eg
Eg  Vpu 1  Zpu gen Ipu gen Eg  1.2507  13.8713 pu
deg

VNLload  Eg VNLload  1.2507 pu

VFLload  Vpu 4 VFLload  0.9364 pu

VNLload  VFLload
Vreg   100 Vreg  33.5565 %
VFLload
 Homework Assignment
• Problem 3.29 (3rd edition) or Problem 4.21
(2nd edition)
• Problem 3.30 (3rd edition) or Problem 4.22
(2nd edition)
• E-mail Mathcad solution to
wkersting@nmsu.edu
• Or Fax to (505) 6461435