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Iii. Imperfections in Crystalline Solids
Iii. Imperfections in Crystalline Solids
Point Defects
Vacancy Formation
Number of Vacancies increase exponentially as temperature “T”
increases. Vacancies create a distortion in crystal structure around
them.
Animation. Vacancy
Formation
Impurities in Solids
Solid Solutions
Addition of an impurity atom into a metal result in formation of a Solid
Solution
Solutions divide into two:
Substitutional Solid Solution
Interstitial Solid Solution
The type of the solution depends on several factors like atomic
radius ratio etc.
Impurities in Solids
Case Study
Oxygen Sensors:
Assume an internal combustion engine. The fuel/oxygen ratio is very
important:
1. For an efficient engine
2. For minimum pollution
We care about the earth, so we want to minimize pollution: Less
fuel consumption and lower amount of harmfull exhaust gases
Therefore, the amount of fuel-air mixture injected into the engine
cylinder must be monitored very quickly and changed accordingly.
Our aim is to measure the amount of oxygen in the mixture.
Case Study
Case Study
Case Study
Case Study
Case Study
Assume a thin wall of Zirconia. At one side of the wall the amount of
pressure is low. On the other side, there is air as a reference. When
the amount of oxygen become high at one side, the oxygen ions will
start to diffuse through the wall using the vacant sites. The higher the
amount of oxygen with respect to air, the higher will be the rate of
oxygen flow.
When exhaust gas pass through the zirconia tube, the oyygen ions
will move through the Wall thickness to the reference gas side.
The movement of oxygen ions generates an EMF (Electro Motive
Force). The higher the amount of the oxygen the higher will be the
EMF.
As zirconia tube Wall is very thin, the measurement is very fast!
Line Defects
Animation. Motion of an
Edge Dislocation
Dislocations
Animation. Formation
of an Edge
Dislocation under
Shear
Plane Defects
GRAIN BOUNDARIES
Grains and Grain Boundaries are as a result of orientation difference
of the grains formed during solidification
Animation for grain boundary formation:
Plane Defects
Grain boundary formation in more detail.
How atoms are attached to the solid nuclei, one by one?
and how grain boundaries are formed?
Bulk Defects
Gas porosities
In castings, weld deposits
Shrinkage cavities
In castings, ingots
Non-metallic inclusions
From the ladle bricks, the reaction deposits from liquid metal
are sources of bulk defects in metals.
Bulk Defects
The rear wheel axle of an expensive four wheel drive car (4x4) failed
due to presence of too much inclusions.
Welding
Welding of materials
Prof.Dr. Bilgehan Ögel 30
Imperfections in Crystalline Solids
Welding
Weld defects
Weld Deposit
??
HAZ
A T-Joint