Overview of Different

Types of Values
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 Value
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• Social -- the principles, standards, or quality

which guides human actions

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• Economic -- the market or estimated worth
of commodities

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 Social Values
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• The quality (positive or negative) that
renders something desirable or valuable

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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Social Values
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• The 1101(positive
quality 0001 0100 1011 that renders something desirable or
or negative)
valuable

• Principles, standards or qualities considered

worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Social Values
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• The 1101(positive
quality 0001 0100 1011 that renders something desirable or
or negative)
valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by
the person who holds them.

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• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and
character that society regards as being

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intrinsically good, having desirable results,
and worthy of emulation by others.

From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Social Values
• The
0011 0010 quality
1010 (positive
1101 0001 or negative)
0100 1011 that renders something desirable or valuable
• Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
• Those qualities of behavior, thought, and character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others.

• Values are our subjective reactions to the

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world around us. They guide and mold our
options and behavior. Values have three
important characteristics.

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– Developed early in life and are very resistant to change.
– Define what is right and what is wrong.
– Cannot be proved correct or incorrect, valid or invalid,
right or wrong. Values tell what we should believe,
regardless of any evidence or lack thereof.
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values
 Economic Values
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• Does Price = Value?

• Assumes perfectly competitive market

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– Many buyers and sellers
– Perfect knowledge

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– Homogeneous products
– All resources are mobile
– Free entry/exit from market
 Social and Economic Value
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• How well does Market Price approximate

Economic Value?

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• Does Social Value equal Economic Value?
• How do we reconcile?

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• Economists use Willingness-to-Pay to
approximate value, what do sociologists
use?
 Different Values
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• Market and Nonmarket

• Use and Nonuse
•
•
Option, Bequest, Existence
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– Is economic value a subset of social value?
 Why are Values Important?
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• Why do agencies want to know values of

ecosystem services?

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• Allocation of their scarce resources (labor
and capital) to provide the mix of goods and

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services society values.
 Allocation
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• How do you weight different uses?

• Market goods and services – relative prices

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give weights
• Weights change

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• Nonmarket goods and services
– What weights
– How comparable
 Wallowa-Whitman National Forest

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 How much wilderness is enough?
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• Society “values” wilderness characteristics

• First Wilderness Area (best characteristics)

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designated – most valuable
• Is the next area as valuable to society?

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• How about the next? And the one after that?
 Areas with Wilderness Potential
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• Alternative uses
– Wilderness

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– Backcountry recreation
– Development

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• How do you decide which values are most
important?
• Marginal valuation
 To Subdivide or Not
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 Ranchettes
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• Know there is a market value for the small

acreage parcel

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• Know there is a desire to not have land
broken up

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– Market value of intact area
– Social values
– Values placed on Ecological characteristics
 Ranchettes
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• So which set of values dominate?

• Why would the landowner enter into a

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conservation easement?
• Is it only $ of the easement?

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• Is location important? Timing?
 Choices
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This or This?
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 Questions to Ponder
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• Can you add up market and nonmarket

values?

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• How much wilderness (biodiversity, water
quality) is enough?

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• If fishing in the trout pond outside the lodge
is worth $X, is all fishing worth $X?
• Does everything have to put in dollar terms?
 Questions to Ponder
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• What is the trade-off between a tangible
(market) good and an intangible
(nonmarket) service if they are competitive?

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Antagonistic?

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 Questions to Ponder
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• How do you compare an economic value

expressed in $ with a social value expressed

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in “I want more …”?
• Which one affects ecological processes

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more?
 Indicators and Values
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27. Value of forage harvested from

rangeland by livestock

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28. Value of production of non-livestock
products produced from rangeland

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54. Public beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral
intentions towards natural resources
 Adding Up
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• Discussed many times – How do we avoid

double, triple, quadruple counting?

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• Is that important for the Indicator work?
• Do we really need a common metric ($)?

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• What do private landowners and public land
managers respond to?
– What values are important?
 Adding Up
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• In terms of conceptual model

– Ecosystem Services used

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– Some have $ values, others just social values
• Important issues are whether either value

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affects the ecological or human subsystems
and how
• Are “market” imperfections the cause?
 Values and SRR
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• Back to the beginning!

• Indicators meant to be “valueless” – things

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we monitor
• Common data set that each individual will

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view differently depending on their own
value set