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1 Introduction 2009 Petrel
1 Introduction 2009 Petrel
1 Introduction 2009 Petrel
Course Content
Day 1 Day 2
Introduction Create Training images
X0 ? Range
1 2 3 4 5 Lag distance
n
z ( x0 ) i z ( xi )
Direction of major continuity i
Data with known values, Z(Xi) Weighting factor decided by Variogram:
• How close to location?
Value to be estimated, Z(X0)
• Preferred direction (anisotropy)
Z (Xo) is not known, but we can still calculate the error variance because we know
the statistic parameters; mean value, variance value and the variogram model
Kriging
From a Variogram Model to Final Estimation
A linear equation system must be solved to find the value at xo.
A matrix with Variance between neighbour data and Variance from neighbour data to
estimated point is set up with Kriging weights
The result of solving the linear equation system: Weights are found and multiplied
with the known values, giving the final estimated value n
Linear Equation System to be solved: z ( x 0 ) i z ( x i )
( x11 ) ( x12 ) ... ( x1n ) 1 1 ( x10 ) i
( x ) ( x ) ... ( x2 n ) 1 2 ( x20 ) Unknown weights
21 22 X2
... ... ... ... ... * ... ... (0.22)
( xn1 ) ( xn 2 ) ... ( xnn ) 1 n ( xn 0 ) 60
30
1 1 1 1 0 1 X0 (?)
42
40
X1 20
(0.25)
55
Calculated weights New value X3
(0.30)
Facies type
Variogram results – to be
used in Modeling
Bad
Good
Modeling Methods
Pixel-based using Variograms
Indicator Kriging
SIS is a stochastic (pixel based) modeling algorithm, using upscaled cells as basis
for fraction of facies types to be modeled. The variogram constrains the
distribution and connectedness of each facies type. It is widely used to model
facies with unclear or undefined Shapes, or when few input data are available.
Inputs:
– Facies proportion, facies probability and 1D, 2D, 3D Trends
– Different variogram for different facies
Underlying methods:
– Simple Kriging (Global mean - stable)
– Ordinary Kriging (Re-estimates mean – more data)
Output:
– Pixel based property honoring input data
– Stochastic; multiple realizations can be run for Uncertainty
Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS)
Theory
1
C1
Initial Facies proportions are known from well
0 Proportions
C2
data.
t2
A Gaussian residual field (GRF) using one
Variogram is set for multiple facies t 1 C3
The GRF is simulated and subsequently truncated C4
using the thresholds (t1-3) -3 Distribution 3
Results:
The Facies associations (red to purple) are
controlled by the ordering of the Gaussian classes
(C1-4). Red can only be next to yellow and not
purple etc.
Same anisotropy (from one GRF) for all facies
Truncated Gaussian with trends
Theory
0.4
0.6
0.81.0
1.21.4
+
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
Fluvial Channel
Adaptive Channels
General Body
Object Facies Modeling
General Object Simulation Process
Objects are inserted randomly using a point insertion based on criteria like
fractions and rules
Reference point
Genetic information Facies body
Body shape, size,
orient., sinuosity … Evaluate
Keep or reject
3D objects
2D objects
Fluvial Channel Modeling
Overview
No Drift Drift
Channel, levee association
Vertical, lateral and Volume trends
Flow-lines and source points
Drift
Advantages:
Easy to condition insertion point to both hard and soft data
Fast and faithful to geometry of object
Looks geologically real
Simple bodies are ideal for making MPS training images
Limitations:
No direct control on shape outside insertion points
Hard to condition to local data of different support volumes
Limited amount of object types (hardcoded and decided by
the software vendor)
Modeling Methods
Other tools
Hierarchical Modeling
Data Analysis
Property Calculator
Hierarchical Facies Modeling
Conditioning – based on correlation
Second level facies Models can be constrained by a first level facies models, using
two independent levels of facies models.
An example: A large scale facies model may define regional channel belts and a
smaller scale facies model would model local lithological variations within each large
scale facies type.
Advantages:
Easy to control and edit original input data
All data stored in Data analysis (audit trail) or
Calculator
Limitations:
Hard to reproduce
Relying on manual edits
Not always possible to update in ’Workflow editor’
Hierarchical/background only related to one existing
facies type – cannot extend into next facies
Complex Facies Modeling
Next step
Multipoint Statistics (MPS) simulation methods attempt to incorporate data
conditioning from pixel-based methods with realistic shape information, and from
Object based (boolean methods).
Main differences:
- No Variogram is required
- Using Training images
.
Complex Facies Modeling
SNESIM
MPS simulation by SNESIM used Upscaled wells (hard data), a training image and
optional soft data (trends, regions etc.)
.
Upscaled Well Training Images Trends
Data +
+
Azimuth
+
Scaling Regions
Simulation Results +
Multipoint Facies Modeling
Conditional Probabilities – Moving from 2 to n-points
2-point Geostatistics
X2
– Linear estimate based on 2-point correlation
from a Variogram
?
X1
X3
X4
Multipoint Geostatistics X2
– Exact solution based on n and n+1 correlation
?
X1
using a Training image
X3
X4