Sistem homeostasis pada jantung

dr. Rohmania Setiarini

 Homeostasis

• Maintenance of a state of dynamic constancy

 Feedback Loops: Types
 Negative feedback loop
– original stimulus reversed
– most systems in the body are negative
– used for conditions that need frequent dback
adjustment
 Positive feedback loop
– original stimulus intensified
– seen during normal childbirth
Homeostasis of Blood Pressure
 Baroreceptors in walls of
blood vessels detect an
increase in BP
 Brain receives input and
signals blood vessels and
heart
 Blood vessels dilate, HR
decreases
 BP decreases
 Positive Feedback during Childbirth

 Stretch receptors in walls of uterus send signals to the

brain
 Brain induces release of hormone (oxytocin) into
bloodstream
 Uterine smooth muscle contracts more forcefully
 More stretch, more hormone, more contraction etc.
 Cycle ends with birth of the baby & decrease in stretch
Stroke Volume
 Stroke volume is the quantity of blood
pumped with each beat of the heart.

 The stronger the heart contractions, the

greater the stoke volume.

 70mL of blood per beat leave each ventricle

(at rest).
Heart Rate

 Heart Rate is
the number of
time the heart
beats per minute.
 Determining Cardiac Output:

Cardiac Output = stroke volume X heart rate

70mL/beat X 70 beats/min= 4900ml/min (the cardiac output)

 Larger individuals pump more blood per minute;

therefore, have a larger cardiac output.

 Heart rate increases during exercise; meet demands.

 Comparing Individual Fitness Levels

Person Stroke Heart Cardiac

Volume Rate Output

Tom 50 100 5L
“Why do two people with the
same body mass have
different heart rates?”
Lee 100 50 5L
 Blood Pressure
 Blood Pressure is the force of blood on
the walls of the arteries.

 Measured with a sphygmomanometer

2 Factors of Blood Pressure
 Cardiac Output increase in output will cause an
increase in blood pressure.

 Arteriolar Resistance the diameter of the

arterioles. Constriction of smooth muscles reduces
the blood flow, and leaves more blood in the
arteries = higher blood pressure.
 Muscle can relax and cause the opposite.
 What Do The Smooth Muscles Of The
Arterioles Respond To?

 Neural and Hormonal Controls.

 Metabolic Products (ex. Products of the breakdown of
glucose)
 InsufficientOxygen lactic acid produced.
 Sufficient Oxygen CO2 and H2O
 Accumulation of CO2 and lactic acid causes the
relaxation of smooth muscles (dilation). This results
in an increase in blood flow and the delivery of more
O2.
Homeostasis and Arteriolar Dilation
 More metabolic products
in most active tissues
dilation  more
nutrients and oxygen to
tissues in need.

 Metabolic products
minimal in less active
tissues  constriction 
less nutrients and
oxygen.
 Regulation of Blood Pressure

 There are blood pressure receptors in

the walls of the aorta and carotid
arteries  sensitive to high blood
pressures.
 When bp exceeds acceptable levels,
the receptors respond by sending a
message to the medulla oblongata, the
bp regulator in the brainstem.
 Sympathetic (stress) nerve impulses
are decreased and parasympathetic
(relaxation) nerve impulses increased.
 Medulla Oblongata
 Decreased Sympathetic Nerve
Impulse:
– Arterioles dilate
– Increasing the outflow of blood from
the artery

 Stimulated Parasympathetic Nerve

Impulse:
– Heart rate decreased
– Stroke volume decreased
– This slows the movement of blood
into the arteries, lowering bp.
 Response to Exercise

 In stress, the sympathetic nerves stimulate

the adrenal glands.
 The hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) is
released from the adrenal gland and travels
in the blood to other organs in the body.

 Epinephrine:
– stimulate the release of red blood cells from the
spleen aids in oxygen delivery.
– Increase heart rate (faster oxygen transport).
– breathing rate (blood contains higher levels of
O2).
– Increase removal of waste from tissues.
Exercise = Preload

 Working muscles “squeeze” more blood

back to heart
 Increased Venous Return = Increased
Preload
 Starling Law is important in initial
increases in Exercise CO
 Vigorous Exercise Accelerates the
heartbeat in 2 ways:
1. As cellular respiration
increase, so does CO2 levels.
This stimulates receptors in the
aorta and carotid arteries 
medulla oblongata  heart 
ꜛCO.

2. As muscle activity increases,

the muscle pumps more blood
back to the right atrium.
Stretch receptors M.O.
heart
The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate

 Stroke volume usually remains relatively

constant
 Starling’s law of the heart – the more that
the cardiac muscle is stretched, the
stronger the contraction
 Changing heart rate is the most
common way to change cardiac output
Starling’s Law: Intrinsic Control of
Heart
 Venous Return determines “stretch” of
cardiac myocytes:
– Venous Return = Stretch
– Stretch = Force and Rate
Extrinsic Control: Baroreceptor
Reflex
 Baroreceptors: Sense stretch in artery
walls(Stretch = Pressure)
– Aorta
– Internal Carotid Artery
 Afferent Signals to Cardioregulatory
Centers: Medulla Oblongata
Cardiac Output Regulation