 Dc drives are widely used in application's requiring adjustable speed, good speed

regulation and frequent starting, braking and reversing.

 Some important applications are:
1.rolling mills,
2.paper mills,
3.Mine wonders,
4.hoists,
5.machine tools,
6.traction,
7.printing presses,
8.textile mills,
9.excavators and cranes.
 Fractional horse power dc motor are widely used as servo motors for positioning and
traction.
 Compound motors
Cumulative compound motors are used in those applications where a drooping
characteristics similar to that of a series motor is required and at the same time the no load
speed must be limited to a safe value Ex –lifts and winches.
• It is also used in intermittent load applications, where load varies from almost no load to
very heavy loads.Ex-pressing machine.
 Universal motor
• It can be run on both ac and dc supply.
• It is essentially a dc series motor with some difference in construction.
• Most universal motors are manufactured for use at speeds in excess of 3000 rpm.
• Applications: Fans, electric drills, home appliances, Vacuum cleaner, Blenders.
 • Permanent Magnet motors
• These are mainly used in fractional horse power range ,but they are available up to 5 kw.
• Use of permanent magnet for excitation eliminates field copper losses and need for field
supply.
• These are more efficient, reliable, sturdy and compact.
• Applications: Mopeds, fork lift trucks and wheel chairs etc.
Moving coil Motors
Torque Motors
STARTING
Fig .Starting of DC motor
 BRAKING
 In Braking the motor work as a generator developing a negative torque which opposes the

motion.

 Braking is of three types

1. Regenerative braking

2. Dynamic or Rheostatic braking

3. Plugging or reverse voltage braking

 1. Regenerative braking
 Regenerative braking, generated energy is supplied to the source.

 The following condition should be satisfied

E > V and negative Ia _____________ (1)

 Field flux cannot be increased

substantially beyond rated because of
saturation.
 According equation E=KeΦωm and
(1) for a source of fixed voltage of
rated value regenerative braking is
possible only for speeds higher than
rated.
 And with variable voltage source it is
also possible below rated speeds.
Fig.Regenerative braking characteristics of a
separately excited motor
 In series motor as speed increases, armature current ad flux decreases.

 The condition of equation cannot be achieved.

 Thus Regenerative braking is not possible.

 In actual supply system when the machine regenerates its terminal voltage rises.

 Consequently the renegaded power flows into the loads connected to the supply and

the source is relived from supplying this much amount of power.

 The Regenerative braking is possible only when there are loads connected to the

line and they are in need of power more are equal to the renegated power.

 The Regenerative braking should only be used when there are enough loads to absorb

the regenerated power

 2.Dynamic or Rheostatic braking

 In Dynamic baking, motor armature is disconnected from the source and connected across
a resistance RB
 The generated energy is dissipated in RB and Ra

Fig. Dynamic braking of DC motors

 From the above fig the series machine works as self excited generator, the field connection

is reversed so that field assists the residual magnetism.

 The characteristics are obtained from equations ωm , for v=0.

 When fast braking is desired ,RB consists of few sections.

 As the speed falls sections are cut out to maintain a high average torque as shown in fig

3(c)

 During braking separately excited motor can be converted as a self excited generator. This

permits braking even when supply fails.

Fig.3 Dynamic braking speed-torque curves
 3.Plugging

 For plugging the supply voltage of separately excited motor is reversed so that it assists
the back e.m.f in forcing armature current in reverse direction.
 For plugging of a series motor armature alone is reversed .

Fig. Plugging operation of DC motors

 The speed-torque characteristics are obtained from equations ωm , by replacing V by-V.

 A particular case of plugging for motor rotation I reverse direction arises, when motor

connected for forward motoring ,is driven by an active load in the reverse direction

 Here again back e.m.f and applied voltage act in the same direction

 This type of situation arises in crane and hoist application and the braking is the called

counter-torque braking.

 Plugging gives fast braking due to high average torque even with one section of braking

resistance RB
Fig. Plugging speed-torque curves

Fig. counter torque braking

 Speed control
Speed can be controlled by any of the following methods
Armature voltage control is preferred because of high efficiecy,good transient response

and good speed regulation.

But it can provide speed control only below base(rated) speed because the armature

voltage cannot be allowed to exceed rated value.

For speed control above base speed, field flux control is employed.

In normally designed motor, the maximum speed can be allowed up to twice rated

speed and in specially designed machines it can be six ties rated speed.

The maximum torque and power limitations of dc drive operating with amature voltage

control and full field below rated speed and flux control at rated armature voltage above

rated speed are shown in fig (1)

Diesel engine drive ward Leonard drive
 Transformer and uncontrolled rectifier control

Armature voltage control using a transformer with taps and an uncontrolled rectifier
Single phase fully and half controlled rectifier control of
separately excited dc motor
Fig. Speed-torque characteristics of single –phase fully-controlled rectifier fed dc separately
excited motor
Single phase Half wave converter Drive
Single phase Full wave converter Drive