EFFECT ON RUNNING TORQUE

21.12𝑉 2
𝑇𝐷 ≈ 120𝑓 ; S≤0.03
𝑅2 ( )
𝑝

𝑉 2 •𝑠
𝑇𝐷 Α ; S≤0.03
𝑓
Ex. A 230-v, 20-hp, 60-hz, three-phase induction motor
driving a constant torque load at rated frequency, rated
voltage and rated hp has a speed of 1175r/min, and
an efficiency of 92.1 percent. Det.(a) the new operating
speed if a system disturbance causes a 10 % drop in
voltage and a 6% drop in frequency; (b) the new shaft
hp . Assume that windage, friction, and stray power
losses are essentially constant.
EFFECT ON LOCK ROTOR CURRENT
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼2 = =
𝑍𝑙𝑟 (𝑅1 +𝑅2 )2 + (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )2
Z=Locked-rotor impedance(Ω)
𝑋1 +𝑋2 )
𝜃𝑧 = arctan( )
𝑅1 +𝑅2

NOTE that, with angle 𝜃𝑧 ≥ 75°

𝑍𝑙𝑟 ≅ 𝑋1 + 𝑋2
FROM THE FIGURE
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 + 𝐼0
And at LOCK ROTOR
𝐼2 ≫ 𝐼0
Hence, at locked rotor, the stator current(𝐼1 , defined as 𝐼𝑙𝑟 ) is approximately equal to
the motor current 𝐼2
𝐼𝑙𝑟 = 𝐼1 ≅ 𝐼2

𝑉
𝐼𝑙𝑟 =
𝑓
Ex.
A 20 hp, four pole, three phase, 230-V, 60-Hz,
design B, wye connected motor draws 151 A when
started at rated voltage and Rated frequency.
Det. the expected locked-rotor line current if the
motor is started from a 220-V, 50-Hz system.
EFFECT OF LOCKEC-ROTOR TORQUE

𝑉2
𝑇𝑙𝑟 = [ ]
𝑓
Ex. 5.8. (a)from the NEMA tables, determine the
expected minimum locked-rotor torque for a 75-hp,4-
pole,60-hz,240-V,1750-rpm, design E motor, (b) repeat
(a) assuming system overloading made it mandatory to
drop the voltage and frequency to 230-V and 58-hz,
respectively.
OPERATING 60-Hz motors on a 50-Hz system
- Operating at 60 and 50-Hz motor, causes a significant decrease
in magnetizing reactance and, because of magnetic saturation
effects, an out-of-proportion increase in magnetizing current. The
net result is severe overheating of the motor windings.-
-that’s why to prevent overheating, a reduction in applied
frequency must be accompanied by a reduction in applied voltage .
Simply stated, the ratio of volts per hertz must be kept constant.
Rel. mathematically expressed are :
5
𝑉50 = 𝑉60
6
5
𝐻𝑝50 = 𝐻𝑝60
6
𝑇𝑛𝑟 5 𝑇𝑛𝑟
[ ]50 = [ ]60
5252 6 5252

𝑉 2 𝑠𝑛𝑟 5 𝑉 2 𝑠𝑛𝑟
[ ]50 = [ ]60
𝑓 6 𝑓
S≤ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑
WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR
-Has a three-phase winding similar to that of the stator and is
wound with the same number of poles
-the phases are usually wye connected and terminates slip rings.
-a wye-connected rheostat with a common lever is used to adjust the
resistance of rotor circuit.
-rheostat provides speed control, torque adjustment and locked-
rotor and current limiting during starting and accelerating.
 𝑉
𝑠𝑇𝐷.𝑀𝐴𝑋
(𝑅1 +𝑅2 )2 + (𝑋1 + 𝑋2 )2

′
𝑅𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑜 = 𝑎2 𝑅𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑜
′
𝑅𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑜 =rotor-rheostat resistance reffered to the stator
a= stator-to rotor turns-ration
Normal running and overload conditions for wound-rotor Induction motors

𝑠
𝐼2 ∝ ′
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑜
where 𝐼2 and 𝑇𝑙𝑟 are linear.

𝑠
𝑇𝑙𝑟 ∝ ′
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑜
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA
-Offer very pertinent information on the limits, operating range, ad general
characteristics of electrical apparatus
Nominal efficiency-is a average efficiency of a large number of
motors of the same design.
Guaranteed efficiency-minimum efficiency to be expected when
operating at rated nameplate values
Design letter-indicates the NEMA –design characteristics of the
machines.
Service factor-is a multiplier, when multiplied by the rated power,
indicates the permissible loading, provided that the voltage and
frequency are maintained at the value specified on the nameplate.
Insulation class- specifies the maximum allowable temperature
rise above the temp. of the cooing medium for rotor windings
based on maximum ambient temp. of 40℃.
Frame number- det. the critical mounting dimension of the motor.
Enclosure- indicates the motor is totally enclosed and is fan
cooled by an external fan mounted on the motor shaft.
Code letter- provides a means for determining the expected
locked-rotor in rush current to the stator.
Locked rotor in-rush current

𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑙𝑟.𝑠𝑠 =[ ]𝑠=1.0
𝑍𝑖𝑛

Expressed in time domain as a sinusoidal current:

𝑉𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐼𝑙𝑟.𝑠𝑠 = ( 2) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 − 𝜃𝑧 ) [ ]𝑠=1.0
𝑍𝑖𝑛
EFFECT OF UNBALANCE LINE VOLTAGES
𝑉𝑀𝐴𝑋,𝑑𝑒𝑣
%𝑈𝐵𝑉 = ∙ 100 𝛿𝑇 = 𝑇𝑈𝐵𝑉 − 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔.

2 %∆𝑇
%∆𝑇 ≅ 2(%𝑈𝐵𝑉) 𝑇𝑈𝐵𝑉 ≅ 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 (1 + )
100

1
RL= 𝛿𝑇ൗ
2 10