2 Mechanics

2.1 Motion

Mechanics

Statics
Kinematics
Dynamics

Space, time

Point particle

Reference point (frame of reference)

 2.1 Motion

Kinematical quantities
Time, distance and displacement,
speed and velocity, acceleration

The position of the particle is described by its coordinate

 2.1 Motion

Kinematical quantities
Time, distance and displacement,
speed and velocity, acceleration

The position of the particle is described by its coordinate

Distance is a scalar
displacement is a vector!

s= 20m; d=20m

s= 24m; d=8m
 2.1 Motion

Uniform (linear) motion

𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎 =?
 2.1 Motion

Uniform (linear) motion

𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎=0

𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡
 2.1 Motion

Uniform (linear) motion Area under v,t graph

is distance traveled
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎=0

𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡
 2.1 Motion

Uniform (linear) motion Area under v,t graph

is distance traveled
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎=0

𝑣3
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 𝑣1 < 𝑣2 < 𝑣3
𝑣2
𝑣1
Bigger the velocity,
bigger the slope
(inclination)
 2.1 Motion

Uniform (linear) motion Area under v,t graph

is distance traveled
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎=0

𝑣3
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 𝑣1 < 𝑣2 < 𝑣3
𝑣2
𝑣1
Bigger the velocity,
bigger the slope
(inclination)
 2.1 Motion

Uniform (linear) motion Area under v,t graph

is distance traveled
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎=0

𝑣3
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡 𝑣1 < 𝑣2 < 𝑣3
𝑣2
𝑣1
Bigger the velocity,
bigger the slope
(inclination)

𝑘𝑚 𝑚 1000𝑚
72 =? = 72 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
ℎ 𝑠 3600𝑠

𝑚 𝑘𝑚 1/1000𝑚
10 =? = 10 = 36 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑠 ℎ 1/3600𝑠
 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

Uniformly accelerated motion

𝑣 ≠ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
∆𝑣 𝑚
𝑎=
∆𝑡 𝑠2
 2.1 Motion

Uniformly accelerated motion

𝑣 ≠ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡; 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
∆𝑣 𝑚
𝑎=
∆𝑡 𝑠2

1 1 1 1 1
Area under v,t graph s= 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑣 − 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑣𝑡 − 2 𝑢𝑡 = 2 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑣𝑡
is distance traveled
𝑣 𝑢+𝑣
s= 𝑡
2
1
s= 𝑢𝑡 ± 2 𝑎𝑡 2 „+” acceleration
𝑢 v= 𝑢 ± 𝑎𝑡 „-” decelleration
1 2
s= 𝑢𝑡 + 2
𝑎𝑡 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 ± 2𝑎𝑠
𝑡
 2.1 Motion

Uniformly accelerated motion

Accelerated motion graphs

Deccelerated motion graphs

If the parabola ‘holds water’ the acceleration is

positive. If not, the acceleration is negative.
 2.1 Motion

Uniformly accelerated motion

Accelerated motion graphs

Bigger the acceleration,

Bigger the slope in vt graph
Deccelerated motion graphs

If the parabola ‘holds water’ the acceleration is

positive. If not, the acceleration is negative.
 2.1 Motion

Uniformly accelerated motion

instantaneous velocity – at precise moment of time

Average speed
stot s1  s2  s3  ... v1  v2  v3  ...
v  v Do not calculate average
ttot t1  t 2  t3  ... N speed like this!
 2.1 Motion

Uniformly accelerated motion

instantaneous velocity – at precise moment of time

Average speed
stot s1  s2  s3  ... v1  v2  v3  ...
v  v Do not calculate average
ttot t1  t 2  t3  ... N speed like this!
 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

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*** 2.1 Motion

Newton's laws of motion

 *** 2.1 Motion

Newton's laws of motion

Newton’s first law – law of inertia
Body at rest remains at rest (v=0) or if it is in motion it will move with uniform linear velocity
(v=const) until it is acted on by a net force.

Newton’s second law

If force F acts on body of mass m, it will provide that body with acceleration a. Fnet  ma

Newton’s third law – law of action and reaction

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. FA

FR
 *** 2.1 Motion

Newton's laws of motion

Newton’s first law – law of inertia
Body at rest remains at rest (v=0) or if it is in motion it will move with uniform linear velocity
(v=const) until it is acted on by a net force.

Newton’s second law

If force F acts on body of mass m, it will provide that body with acceleration a. Fnet  ma

I
II v 0
Fnet  ma If Fnet  0  a  0
 v  const.

Newton’s third law – law of action and reaction

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. FA

FR
 *** 2.1 Motion

Newton's laws of motion

Newton’s first law – law of inertia
Body at rest remains at rest (v=0) or if it is in motion it will move with uniform linear velocity
(v=const) until it is acted on by a net force.

Newton’s second law

If force F acts on body of mass m, it will provide that body with acceleration a. Fnet  ma

I
II v 0
Fnet  ma If Fnet  0  a  0
 v  const.

Newton’s third law – law of action and reaction

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. FA

FR
 *** Important 1
(not explained in the book)
2.1 Motion s  ut  at 2
2
v  u  at
Gravitational motion acceleration of free fall g=9,81 m/s2
g=9,8 m/s2 or approx. g=10 m/s2 v 2  u 2  2as
The direction of this acceleration is always vertically downward.
Free fall Vertical projectile Vertical projectile
motion (downwards) motion (upwards)
 *** Important 1
(not explained in the book)
2.1 Motion s  ut  at 2
2
v  u  at
Gravitational motion acceleration of free fall g=9,81 m/s2
g=9,8 m/s2 or approx. g=10 m/s2 v 2  u 2  2as
The direction of this acceleration is always vertically downward.
Free fall Vertical projectile Vertical projectile
motion (downwards) motion (upwards)

u=0

1 2
h gt
2
v  gt
v 2  2 gh
 *** Important 1
(not explained in the book)
2.1 Motion s  ut  at 2
2
v  u  at
Gravitational motion acceleration of free fall g=9,81 m/s2
g=9,8 m/s2 or approx. g=10 m/s2 v 2  u 2  2as
The direction of this acceleration is always vertically downward.
Free fall Vertical projectile Vertical projectile
motion (downwards) motion (upwards)

u=0 u≠0

h h

1 2 1 2
h gt h  ut  gt
2 2
v  gt v  u  gt
v 2  2 gh v 2  u 2  2 gh
 *** Important 1
(not explained in the book)
2.1 Motion s  ut  at 2
2
v  u  at
Gravitational motion acceleration of free fall g=9,81 m/s2
g=9,8 m/s2 or approx. g=10 m/s2 v 2  u 2  2as
The direction of this acceleration is always vertically downward.
1 2
Free fall Vertical projectile Vertical projectile h  ut  gt
motion (downwards) motion (upwards) 2
v=0 v  u  gt
u=0 u≠0 v 2  u 2  2 gh
hmax
h h
h
u≠0

1 2 1 2
h gt h  ut  gt
2 2
v  gt v  u  gt
v 2  2 gh v 2  u 2  2 gh
 *** Important 1
(not explained in the book)
2.1 Motion s  ut  at 2
2
v  u  at
Gravitational motion acceleration of free fall g=9,81 m/s2
g=9,8 m/s2 or approx. g=10 m/s2 v 2  u 2  2as
The direction of this acceleration is always vertically downward.
1 2
Free fall Vertical projectile Vertical projectile h  ut  gt
motion (downwards) motion (upwards) 2
v=0 v  u  gt
u=0 u≠0 v 2  u 2  2 gh
hmax
h h for hmax => v=0

h 0  u 2  2 ghmax
u≠0
u2
hmax 
2g
1 2 1 2
h gt h  ut  gt
2 2
v  gt v  u  gt
v 2  2 gh v 2  u 2  2 gh
 *** Important 1
(not explained in the book)
2.1 Motion s  ut  at 2
2
v  u  at
Gravitational motion acceleration of free fall g=9,81 m/s2
g=9,8 m/s2 or approx. g=10 m/s2 v 2  u 2  2as
The direction of this acceleration is always vertically downward.
1 2
Free fall Vertical projectile Vertical projectile h  ut  gt
motion (downwards) motion (upwards) 2
v=0 v  u  gt
u=0 u≠0 v 2  u 2  2 gh
hmax
h h for hmax => v=0

h 0  u 2  2 ghmax
u≠0
u2
hmax 
2g
1 2 1 2
h gt h  ut  gt General formulas for gravitational motion
2 2
v  gt v  u  gt 1
h  ut  gt 2
2
v 2  2 gh v 2  u 2  2 gh v  u  gt
v 2  u 2  2 gh
 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

Projectile motion
 2.1 Motion

Projectile motion
 y
2.1 Motion

Projectile motion
v
x ϕ
vx
u hmax
y
θ tmax ttot
x
R
ttot=2tmax
x-axis y-axis

Range of projectile motion

 y
2.1 Motion
Let us resolve
Projectile motion velocities into
v components!
x ϕ
vx
u hmax
y
θ tmax ttot
x
R
ttot=2tmax
x-axis y-axis

Range of projectile motion

 y
2.1 Motion
Let us write
Projectile motion values of these
vy v components!
x ϕ
vx
u hmax
uy y
θ tmax ttot
ux x
R
ttot=2tmax
x-axis y-axis

Range of projectile motion

 y
u
2.1 Motion uy vx v
θ ϕ
vx=ux
Projectile motion ux
vy v ux=u cosθ = vx=v cosϕ
x ϕ
uy=u sinθ vy=v sinϕ
vx
u hmax
uy y
θ tmax ttot
ux x
R
ttot=2tmax
x-axis y-axis

How would you How would you

describe motion describe motion
in x axis? in y axis?

Range of projectile motion

 y
u
2.1 Motion uy vx v
θ ϕ
vx=ux
Projectile motion ux
vy v ux=u cosθ = vx=v cosϕ
x ϕ
uy=u sinθ vy=v sinϕ
vx
u hmax
uy y
θ tmax ttot
ux x
R
ttot=2tmax
x-axis – uniform linear motion y-axis
vx  const  vx  u x  const
How would you
x  vx t  x  u x t describe motion
x  u cos  t in y axis?

R  u xttot  u cos  ttot

Range of projectile motion

 y
u
2.1 Motion uy vx v
θ ϕ
vx=ux
Projectile motion ux
vy v ux=u cosθ = vx=v cosϕ
x ϕ
uy=u sinθ vy=v sinϕ
vx
u hmax
uy y
θ tmax ttot
ux x
R
ttot=2tmax
x-axis – uniform linear motion y-axis – vertical projectile motion
vx  const  vx  u x  const 1 for ymax => vy =0; tmax
y  u y t  gt 2
2 u y u sin 
x  vx t  x  u x t v y  u y  gt 0  u y  gtmax  max
t  
g g
x  u cos  t u 2 sin 2 
u y2
v  u  2 gy
2
y
2
y
0  u  2 ghmax  hmax
2
y  
2g 2g
R  u xttot  u cos  ttot

Range of projectile motion What about range?

 y
u
2.1 Motion uy vx v
θ ϕ
vx=ux
Projectile motion ux
vy v ux=u cosθ = vx=v cosϕ
x ϕ
uy=u sinθ vy=v sinϕ
vx
u hmax
uy y
θ tmax ttot
ux x
xmax
ttot=2tmax
x-axis – uniform linear motion y-axis – vertical projectile motion
vx  const  vx  u x  const 1 for ymax => vy =0; tmax
y  u y t  gt 2
2 u y u sin 
x  vx t  x  u x t v y  u y  gt 0  u y  gtmax  max
t  
g g
x  u cos  t u 2 sin 2 
u y2
v  u  2 gy
2
y
2
y
0  u  2 ghmax  hmax
2
y  
2g 2g
R  u xttot  u cos  ttot

Range of projectile motion u 2 sin( 2 )

2u xu y 2u 2 sin  cos 
R  u xttot  R  u x 2tmax  R  R  R
uy g g g
ttot=2tmax tmax 
g
 *** 2.1 Motion

Projectile motion
Position equation of projectile motion *** useful to know how to derive!

We tend to remove time from equations

x
x  u xt  t
ux
1 2
y  u yt  gt
2

x 1 x2 x2
y  uy  g 2  y  u sin 
x 1
 g
ux 2 ux u cos  2 u 2 cos 2 

1 x2
 y  x tan   g 2
2 u cos 2 
 2.1 Motion

Projectile motion - Recap

Projectile motion formulas

are not in data booklet!
 *** y 2.1 Motion

Horisontal projectile motion   0

u
x
y
vx
x
ϕ
h v

R
x-axis – uniform linear motion y-axis – free fall (uy=0)
vx  const  vx  u  const

x  vxt  x  ut
x  u t

R  uttot  u  ttot
 *** y 2.1 Motion

Horisontal projectile motion   0

u
x
y
vx
x
ϕ
h v

R
x-axis – uniform linear motion y-axis – free fall (uy=0)
2h
vx  const  vx  u  const 1 ttot 
y  gt 2 g
2
x  vxt  x  ut v y  gt
x  u t
v y2  2 gy
R  uttot  u  ttot

Range of projectile motion

 *** y 2.1 Motion

Horisontal projectile motion   0

u
x
y
vx
x
ϕ
h v

R
x-axis – uniform linear motion y-axis – free fall (uy=0)
2h
vx  const  vx  u  const 1 ttot 
y  gt 2 g
2
x  vxt  x  ut v y  gt
x  u t
v y2  2 gy
R  uttot  u  ttot

Range of projectile motion

2h
R  uttot  Ru
g
 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

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 2.1 Motion

Fluid resistance
Whenever a body moves through a fluid (gas or liquid) it experiences a fluid resistance
force that is directed opposite to the velocity.
The magnitude of this
for low speeds: for high speeds
force increases with
increasing speed.

Terminal speed

Speed increases until:

Fg  Fres
then body reaches
Fg=mg terminal velocity:
mg  kvT

mg
vT 
k
 2.1 Motion

HOMEWORK
Tsokos
2_1 Test yourself questions
Page: 53-57

Exercises: 1-33

Uniform motion: Exercises 1-4

Accelerated motion: Exercises 5-23
Projectile motion: Exercises 25-33
Uniform motion
c
Uniform motion
c
Uniform motion
c

when two cyclists meet

Uniform motion
c

when two cyclists meet

Accelerated motion
c

***tricky
Accelerated motion
c

***tricky
Accelerated motion
-/c
Accelerated motion
-/c
Accelerated motion
cc/-
Accelerated motion
cc/-
Accelerated motion
c/-
Accelerated motion
c/-
Accelerated motion
c
Accelerated motion
c

6/3= 2 m/s^2

3
Accelerated motion
Accelerated motion
Accelerated motion c-
demonstr
Accelerated motion c-
demonstr
Accelerated motion c-
demonstr

Error in
solution
figure
Accelerated motion c-
demonstr

Error in
solution
figure
Accelerated motion
ccc
Accelerated motion
ccc
Projectile motion
ccc
Projectile motion
ccc
Projectile motion c-
demonstr
Projectile motion c-
demonstr
Projectile motion
ccc
Projectile motion
ccc
Projectile motion
c
Projectile motion
c

or
1 x2  x  71,297m  x  u cos   t 
y  x tan   g 2
2 u cos 2  t  5,327 s  vx, vy  v  39,72m / s
1 x2   70,31
 60  x tan 48  g 2
2 20 cos 2 48