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MC Murray Inverter
MC Murray Inverter
MC Murray Inverter
1 INTRODUCTION
• The category of converters, which converts dc power into ac
power popularly known as the inverters.
• The application areas for the invertors includes the
Uninterrupted Power Supply the ac motor speed
controllers,etc.
1. the nature of output waveform (sine, square, quasi square, PWM etc),
2. the power devices being used (thyristor, transistor, MOSFETs, IGBTs),
3. the configuration being used (series, parallel, half bridge, full bridge).
• The size and the cost of the circuit can be reduced to some extent if the
operating frequency is increased but then the inverter grade thyristors
which are special thyristors manufactured to operate at a higher
frequency must be used, which are costly.
Operation :
• At instant t0 SCR1 is turned on. Let the initial voltage
capacitor be “vc” with its left plate negative w .r. t. right
plate and the sinusoidal load current starts flowing.
Fig (b) Mode 1 (t0 to t1)
• The capacitor C1 start charging in the opposite
direction as shown in fig B.The load current eventually
comes to zero at instant t1 and SCR1 comes out of
conduction due to natural commutation.
•The voltage on the capacitor C1 at instant t1 is greater
than V with its left plate positive w.r.t. its right plate.
• As there is no discharge path for the capacitor, this
voltage will be held constant up to instant t2 where
SCR2 is triggered.
Fig ( c ) Mode 2 (t1 to t2)
• At instant t2, SCR2 is turned on and the load voltage and current
both becomes negative.
• The capacitor now discharges resonantly through SCR2, R, L1, as
shown in fig (c)
• At instant t3 the discharge current goes to zero and SCR2 turned
off again due to natural commutation. The voltage on C1 is equal
to vc.
• Off time :During the time interval between t1 and t2 both the
SCRs are in the off state. Load voltage as well as load current are
zero. Therefore this interval is known as off time of the circuit.
Disadvantages:
• Limitation on the maximum operating
frequency
• Distortion in the output wave form
• High rating of commutating components
• The peak amplitude and duration of output
current depends on the load parameters
resulting in poor regulation for the inverter.
• The power flow from the dc source is
intermittent. Therefore, the dc supply must
have a large peak current rating and the
input current contains high percentage of
harmonics.
Modified Series Inverter
The operation can be divided into two modes.
Mode 1:
At the instant when SCR T2 is triggered, the voltage across the
capacitor will be slightly less than (E c + E dc)and the load voltage
and current will be closed to zero. Hence the voltage across the
capacitor minus the load voltage will appear across L2.Since L1 is
closely coupled to L2, the same voltage will appear across L1.
Mode 2:
The voltage across L1 will tend to increase the cathode potential
of SCR T1 more than its anode potential and therefore, SCR T1
will be reverse biased and turn-off. Thus, even if SCR T2 is
turned on before SCR T1 is switched off, it will not result into
short circuiting of the d.c. source. A similar operation will take
place if SCR T1 is triggered before SCR T2 is turned off.
Circuit diagram for Modified series inverter
Waveforms For improved Series Inverter
Circuit Diagram for Basic Parallel Inverter
Basic Parallel Inverter
A parallel inverter is used to produce a square-
wave from a d.c. supply.
In this inverter, the commutating capacitor comes
in parallel with the load during the operation of the
inverter. Hence it is called as ‘parallel inverter’.
Operation
Mode 1:
This mode begins when T1 is fired and current
flows through the inductance L and the thyristor
T1.
When SCR is turned on, a d.c. voltage E dc appears
across half the transformer primary, which means
the total primary voltage is 2 E dc, hence the
capacitor is charged to 2 E dc.
Mode 2:
• This mode begins when thyristor T2 is fired. When T2
is turned on, the commutating capacitor applies
voltage -2 Edc to appear across T1, it will be turn off.
• SCR T2 will now be conducting and the voltage of 2 E
dc will appear across the transformer primary and
commutating capacitor, but with reverse polarity.
Mode 3:
•During mode 3, this SCR is again turned on.
Commutating capacitor applies a voltage -2 E dc to
appear across T2.
•when this reverse voltage is applied for sufficient time
across T2, it will be turned off. If trigger pulses are
applied periodically to alternate thyristors, an
approximately rectangular voltage waveform will be
obtained at transformer output terminals.
Waveforms For Basic Parallel Inverter
Circuit Diagram Parallel Inverter With
Feedback Diodes
Parallel Inverter With Feedback Diodes
The load current which earlier flowing through SCR T1, will
now flow through CB and diode D1 to negative input
terminal. This can happen only if diode D1 is forward biased
and capacitor discharge current is more than the load
current.
• The current through inductance L will now flow through diode D2, DE and
SCR T2, and the trapped energy in inductor L will be fed back to the load.
D point is now connected to the negative supply terminal, the load
voltage polarity will be reversed.
Mode 3 :
• This mode begins with when load current becomes zero, diode D2 will be
blocked and SCR T2 will have to triggered again at instant U to reverse the
direction of the load current. When thyristor T2 starts conducting, the load
voltage will again become equal to Edc.
Waveforms For parallel Inverter with
Feedback Diode
Single Full Bridge Inverter
Introduction –
A serious drawback of the half bridge
inverter is that, it requires a 3-wire dc
supply. This is overcomed by the
commonly full bridge inverter.
Full-bridge Single-phase Inverter
Construction:
• It has consist of four thyristor and four
freewheeling diode.
• Disadvantage :
• Number of four transistors are required
• Costs is high
• Application :
• Used in commutation circuit for bridge
inverter
McMurray Bedford Half–bridge
Inverter
Construction :-
It is a complementary impulse
commutated inverter.
This means that if two inductors are
tightly coupled, triggering of one thyristor
, turns off another thyristor .
Main thyristors T1,T2 .
Feedback diodes D1,D2.
two capacitors C1,C2 .
magnetically coupled inductors L1 and L2.
inductance L .
Operation
Mode- 1
Thyristor t1 is triggered, then SCR T1 is turn on, upper
d.c. source load current Il to the load.
As the load current is constant. Voltage drop across
L1 is negligible. With zero voltage drop across L1 , T1 ,
C1 and across C2 is Edc load.
Mode -2
When SCR T2 is triggered ,turn off the SCR T1
voltage across C1 and C2 cannot be change
equal voltages is induced across L1
Voltage across thyristor T1 is ET1 = Edc
Ic1 = Ic2 KCL at node ‘o’ in fig.
Ic + Ic = I + I ; I = I =Ic
Mode -3
• Advantages:
Application:
• voltage regulators.
• Instead of maintaining the width of all pulses the same, the width
of each pulse is varied in proportion to amplitude of a sine wave
m 1/ 2
p
• The rms output voltage is:
Vo Vs ( )
m1
• The DF and LOH are reduced significantly, as shown below:
INTRODUCTION
Chopper is a static device.
• A variable dc voltage is obtained from a constant dc
voltage source.
• Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
• Widely used for motor control.
• Also used in regenerative braking.
• Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster
response, lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth
control
Definition of Chopper
A chopper is an electronic switch that is used to interrupt
one signal under the control of another.
Step-up choppers:
In step up chopper output voltage is more
than input voltage.
Step-up chopper
Definition :
Definition :
When the output voltage is less than the input dc voltage (E0 < Edc )
then it is called as Step-down copper.
i.e., E0 < Edc
Working :
Class A Chopper
Class B Chopper
Class C Chopper
Class D Chopper
Class E Chopper
Chopper
L
O v V
V A 0
FWD D
i0
t
i0
Output current
CH ON
t
v0 FWD Conducts
Output voltage
t
tON
T
Class B Chopper
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
Chopper
E i0
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
When chopper is ON, E drives a current through L
and R in a direction opposite to that shown in figure.
t
i0 tOFF tON
T
t
Output current
Imax
Imin
D
conducts Chopper
conducts
v0 Output voltage
V R
CH2 D2 L v0
Chopper
i0
E
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
D1 CH2
When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load current
continues to flow in the same direction through load,
D1 and D2 , due to the energy stored in the inductor L.
Output voltage vO = - V .
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
t
CH1,CH2 D1,D2 Conducting
ON
v0 Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
CH1 D1 CH3 D3
i0 R L E
V
+
v0
CH2 D2 CH4 D4
i0