Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review 2 - Night
Review 2 - Night
Self reliance can be defined as the bringing into the light one’s inner views
on what is true and meaningful, and in the process enriching an entire
community through diversity.
• “The power which resided in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what
that is which he can do, nor does he know until he tries.”
• Emerson calls for greater self-reliance, “a new respect for the divinity in man,”
bringing “revolutionary” change in all relations – religion and prayer, education and
literature, pursuits, modes of living, property and views, and associations.
• In Emerson’s time, America still looked to Europe for its art, architecture,
literature, instead of developing it’s own. He believed that by adopting the talent of
another, one could only claim only half possession. He was critical of Americans for
not using their God-given individuality to become more than mere imitators.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self- Reliance (1841)
Main Points
• Envy is ignorance; imitation is suicide. It’s only when a person puts his heart
into his work and does his best that he is truly happy and at peace.
• Do not give to causes that you do not believe in, just because
you feel society expects it. Trust yourself.
• There will be those who think they know your duty better than
you do. Trust yourself.
• Emerson recognized men’s gamble with Fortune, gaining and losing all, but
concludes that nothing can bring you peace but yourself.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-
Reliance (1841)
Historical Significance
Self-Reliance [1841], had a great impact on Emerson’s society, becoming his most well-known essay.
Self-Reliance, together with Nature, established Emerson as a writer and lecturer. He became
regarded as the founder of the Transcendental movement, a distinctly American philosophy
emphasizing optimism, individuality, and mysticism. He was one of the most influential literary
figures of the nineteenth century.
As a result of the new philosophy introduced in Self-Reliance, America developed literature and art
uniquely different from any other country in the world and established for the first time America’s
place in the world of art and literature. Emerson, through his writing of Self-Reliance, had an impact
on future generations also. He became an inspiration to such writers as Walt Whitman and Henry
David Thoreau. Today, portions of Self-Reliance have been so quoted that many are now cliché. The
philosophy of individual independence has, to some extent, become the American way.
Self-Reliance had a significant impact not only on American writers and artists, but also on Unitarians
and the liberally religious opening them to science, Eastern religions and a naturalistic mysticism. In
addition to group impact, Self-Reliance, had an impact on the individual American, inspiring him to
listen to and heed the still, small voice of God within.
The impact of Self-Reliance and the subsequent Transcendental movement was one of supreme
importance extending a challenge to Americans to use their God-given talents for the betterment of
the individual and thus the community. It proved to be a positive, lasting, truly American change.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Young American
• His involvement with the antislavery movement grew as slavery escalated during
the 1840s and early 1850s.
Main Points
• 1. Railroad Iron is a magician’s rod, in its power to evoke the
sleeping energies of land and water.
– “But I have abstained too long from speaking of that which led
me to this topic,- [the railroad’s] importance in creating an
American sentiment.”
– “..increased acquaintance it has given the American people..”
– “..reduced England to a third of its size..”
– “..in this country it has given a new celerity to time..”
– “There is no American citizen who has not been stimulated to
reflection by the facilities now in progress of construction for
travel and transportation of goods in the United States.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Young American
• “It is a new agent in the world, and one of great function; it is a very
intellectual force.”
• “Trade… We design it thus and thus; it turns out otherwise and far better.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Young American
In this great work our country holds the noblest rank…. Our land
extends far into the wilderness, and beyond the wilderness; and while
on this side of the great mountains it gives the Western nations of
Europe a theatre for the renewal of their youth, on the transmontane
side, the hoary civilisation of the farthest antiquity leans forward
from Asia to receive the glad tidings of the messenger of freedom.
The islands of the Pacific entreat our protection, and at our suit the
Empire of Japan breaks down its wall of exclusion….
George Bancroft
The Progress of Mankind (1854)
At the foot of every page in the annals of nations, may be written, “God
reigns.”
…It is because God is visible in History that its office is the noblest
except that of the poet.
Of all pursuits that require analysis, history…stands first. It is equal to
philosophy; for as certainly as the actual bodies forth the ideal, so certainly
does history contain philosophy. It is grander than the natural sciences; for its
study is man, the last work of creation, and the most perfect in its relations
with the Infinite.
In surveying the short period since man was created, the proofs of
progress are so abundant, that we do not know with which of them to begin,
or how they should be classified. He is seen in the earliest stages of society,
bare of abstract truth, unskilled in the methods of induction, and hardly
emancipated from bondage to the material universe. How wonderful is it,
then, that a being whose first condition was so weak, so humble, and so
naked, and s of whom no monument older than forty centuries can be found,
should have accumulated such fruitful stores of intelligence, and have
attained such perfection of culture!
George Bancroft
The Progress of Mankind (1854)
Point 4: “The human mind tends not only toward unity, but
UNIVERSALITY.”
– “I am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high
independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us.”
– “This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn.”
– “What, to the American slave, is your 4th of July? I answer: a day that reveals to
him, more than all other days in the year, the gross injustice and cruelly to which
he is the constant victim. To him, your celebration is a sham; your boasted
liberty, an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds
of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciations of tyrants, brass fronted
impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers
and hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with all your religious parade, and
solemnity, are, to him, mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -
a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is
not a nation on the earth guilty of practices, more shocking and bloody, than are
the people of these United States, at this very hour.”
Slavery is unjust and against the Constitution. I
should not have to argue this point.
– “What point in the anti-slavery creed would you like me to argue? On what branch of the
subject do the people of this country need light?”
– “Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty? that he is the rightful owner of
his own body? You have already declared it. Must I argue the wrongfulness of slavery? Is
that a question for Republicans? Is it to be settled by the rules of logic and argumentation,
as a matter beset with great difficulty, involving a doubtful application of the principle of
justice, hard to be understood? How should I look to-day, in the presence of Americans,
dividing, and subdividing a discourse, to show that men have a natural right to freedom?
speaking of it relatively, and positively, negatively, and affirmatively. To do so, would be to
make myself ridiculous, and to offer an insult to your understanding. There is not a man
beneath the canopy of heaven, that does not know that slavery is wrong for him.”
– “Must I undertake to prove that the slave is a man? That point is conceded already. Nobody
doubts it. The slave-holders themselves acknowledge it in the enactment of laws for their
government. They acknowledge it when they punish disobedience on the part of the slave.
There are seventy-two crimes in the State of Virginia, which, if committed by a black man
(no matter how ignorant he be), subject him to the punishment of death; while only two of
these same crimes will subject a white man to like punishment.”
Freedmen have proven themselves just as
capable as white men. They deserve liberty.
Frederick Douglass
MAIN POINTS:
1. Slavery dehumanizes by destroying the family unit. It undermining family values of both slaves and
slave owners.
The practice of separating children from their mother, and hiring the latter out at distances too great to
admit of their meeting, except at long intervals, is a marked feature of the cruelty and barbarity of the slave
system. But it is in harmony with the grand aim of slavery, which, always and everywhere, is to reduce man
to a level with the brute. It is a successful method of obliterating from the mind and heart of the slave, all
just ideas of the sacredness of the family, as an institution.
…My poor mother, like many other slave-women, had many children, but NO FAMILY!
Slavery has no use for fathers, as it does away with families. Slavery has no use for either fathers or
families, and its laws do not recognize their existence in the social arrangements of the plantation.
He [the master] can be father without being a husband, and may sell his child without incurring reproach,
if the child be by a woman in whose veins courses one thirty-second part of African blood.
…[T]he fact remains, in all its odiousness, that, by the laws of slavery, children, in all cases, are reduced to
the condition of their mothers. This arrangement admits of the greatest license to brutal slaveholders, and
their profligate sons, brothers, relations and friends, and gives to the pleasure of sin, the additional
attraction of profit.
My Bondage and My Freedom (1855)
Frederick Douglass
Mr. Auld promptly forbade continuance of her instruction; telling her, in the first
place, that the thing itself was unlawful; that it was also unsafe, and could only lead to
mischief. (Douglass’ masters’ response to his wife teaching Douglass to read the Bible)
…If you learn him now to read, he’ll want to know how to write; and, this
accomplished, he’ll be running away with himself.
It was a new and special revelation, dispelling a painful mystery, against which my
youthful understanding had struggled, and struggled in vain, to wit: the white man’s
power to perpetuate the enslavement of the black man. “Very well,” thought I;
“knowledge unfits a child to be a slave.” I instinctively assented to the proposition; and
from that moment I understood the direct pathway from slavery to freedom…
Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
Main Points:
1) A slave was property and no legal rights, and therefore a slave could not go against
their master’s will, even sexual affairs.
But he was my master. I was compelled to live under the same roof with him---where
I saw a man forty years my senior daily violating the most sacred commandments of
my nature. He told me I was his property; that I must subject to his will in all things.
My soul revolted against the mean tyranny. But where could I turn for protection?
No matter whether the slave girl be as black as ebony or as fair as her mistress. In
either case, there is no shadow of law to protect her from insult, for violence, or even
from death; all these are inflicted by fiends who bear the shape of men.
2) The people in the North would not ever believe what was taking place in the South,
and they would not put up with it.
Surely, if you credited one half the truths that are told you concerning the helpless
millions suffering in this cruel bondage, you at the north would not help to tighten
the yoke. You surely would refuse to do for the master, on your own soil, the mean
and cruel work which trained bloodhounds and the lowest class of whites do for him
at the south.
Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
Main Points:
3) The mistress will end up hating the slave girl the most. If a slave is beautiful, jealousy
and hatred could make her a victim of her slave owner.
She listens to violent outbreaks of jealous passion, and cannot help understanding what
is the cause. She will become prematurely knowing in evil things. Soon she will learn to
tremble when she hears her master’s footfall. If God has bestowed beauty upon her, it
will prove her greatest curse. That whish commands admiration in the white woman
only hastens the degradation of the female slave.
4) Sex between master and slave represent unequal power relationship, which is often
exploited to the benefit of the master and the detriment of the slave.
My master met me at every turn, reminding me that I belonged to him, and swearing
by heaven and earth that he would compel me to submit to him. If I went out for a
breath of fresh air, after a day of unwearied toil, his footsteps dogged me. If I knelt by
my mothers grave, his dark shadow fell on me even there. The light heart which nature
had given me became heavy with sad forebodings........
Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
Main Points:
5) A slave had no recourse against violations, and was often in a situation of isolation and
loneliness.
I longed for some one to confide in…..But Mr. Flint swore he would kill me, if I was not
as silent as the grave. Then although my grandmother was all in all to me, I feared her
as well as loved her…..I was very young and felt shamefaced about telling her such
impure things, especially as I knew her to be very strict on such subjects.
6) The wives of the slave owners often also suffered from the unequal relations between
their slave-master husbands and his female slaves. Moreover, she often blamed the slave
for her husband’s infidelity.
I had entered my sixteenth year, and every day it became more apparent that my
presence was intolerable to Mrs. Flint. Angry words frequently passed between her and
her husband. He had never punished me himself, and he would not allow any body else
to punish me. In that respect, she was never satisfied; but, in her angry moods, no
terms were to vile for her to bestow upon me. Yet I, whom she detested so bitterly, had
far more pity for her than he had, whose duty it was to make her life happy. I never
wronged her; and one word of kindness from her would have brought me to her feet…
Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
Main Points:
…..Southern woman often marry a man knowing that he is the father of many little
slaves. They do not trouble themselves about it. They regard such children as
property, as marketable as the pigs on the plantation; and it is seldom that they do
not make them aware of this by passing them into the slave-trader’s hands as soon as
possible, and thus getting them out of their sight.
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Slavery and the Confederacy
• “Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the
assumption of the equality of the races. This was an error. It was a sandy
foundation, and the idea of a Government built upon it-when the “storm
came and the wind blew, it fell.” (Matthew 7:27)
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Slavery and the Confederacy
Main Point 4: Slavery is the “cornerstone” of the
Confederacy
“Our new Government is founded upon exactly the
opposite ideas; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone
rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal
to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the
superior race, is his natural and moral condition.
[Applause] This, our new Government, is the first, in
the history of the world, based upon this great
physical, philosophical, and moral truth.”
“It is upon this, as I have stated, our social fabric is
firmly planted.”
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Slavery and the Confederacy
Main Point #6: Northerners are trying to make equal what the Creator has made
unequal.
• “They assume that the negro is equal, and hence conclude that he is entitled
to equal privileges and rights, with the white man. If their premises were
correct, their conclusions would be logical and just; but their premises being
wrong, their whole argument fails. They were attempting to make things
equal which the Creator had made unequal.”
• “The truth of the Negro’s inferiority “has been slow in the process of its
development, like all other truths in the various departments of science.”
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Slavery and the Confederacy
The men did not die in vain, but died so the people could have
freedom and a government that shall endure.
Frederick Jackson Turner
• Born in Portage, Wisconsin, in 1861.
• His father was journalist by trade and local historian
which piqued Turner's interest in history
• Graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1884
• Turner decided to become a professional historian,
and received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University
in 1890.
• He was a teacher at the University of Wisconsin from
1889 to 1910, when he began to teach at Harvard.
• He retired in 1924 but continued his research until his
death in 1932.
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
• I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous
life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of
success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who
does not shrink from danger, from hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out of these
wins the splendid ultimate triumph.
• We do not admire the man of timid peace. We admire the man who embodies
victorious effort; the man who never wrongs his neighbor, who is prompt to help a
friend, but who has those virile qualities necessary to win in the stern strife of actual
life.
• A mere life of ease is not in the end a very satisfactory life, and, above all, it is a life
which ultimately unfits those who follow it for serious work in the world.
• The man must be glad to do a man's work, to dare and endure and to labor; to keep
himself, and those dependent on him. The woman must be the housewife, the
helpmeet of the homemaker, the wise and fearless mother of many healthy children.
POINT 2: ONLY THROUGH STRIFE AND STRENUOUS AND
DARING EFFORT WILL WE ACHIEVE NATIONAL GREATNESS.
• …it is only through strife, through hard and dangerous endeavor, that we shall
ultimately win the goal of true national greatness.
Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life
POINT 3: WEAKNESS IS THE GREATEST OF CRIMES. OUR NATION
HAS A RESPONSIBILTY TO BRING THE HALF-CAST NATIONS OF
THE WORLD GOOD GOVERNMENT. IF WE DO THIS WE WILL BE
GREAT, AND IF WE DO NOT WE WILL CEDE THE OPPORTUNITY TO
“BOLDER AND STRONGER PEOPLES.”
• We cannot, if we would, play the part of China, and be content to rot by inches in ignoble ease
within our borders, taking no interest in what goes on beyond them, sunk in scrambling
commercialism; heedless of higher life, the life of aspiration, of toil and risk, busying ourselves
only with the wants of our bodies for the day, until suddenly we should find, beyond a shadow of
question, what China has already found, that in this world the nation that has trained itself into
a career of unwarlike and isolated ease is bound, in the end, to go down before other nations
which have not lost the manly and adventurous qualities. If we are to be a really great people,
we must strive in good faith to play a great part in the world.
• The guns that thundered off Manila and Santiago left us echoes of glory, but they also left us a
legacy of duty. If we drove out a mediaeval tyranny only to make room for savage anarchy, we
had better not begun the task at all. It is worse than idle to say that we have no duty to perform,
and can leave to their fates the islands we have conquered. Such a course would be a course of
infamy. It would be followed at once by utter chaos in the wretched islands themselves. Some
stronger, manlier power would have to step in and do the work, and we would have shown
ourselves weaklings, unable to carry to successful completion the labors that great and high-
spirited nations are eager to undertake.
Theodore Roosevelt, The Strenuous Life
• The Philippines offer a yet graver problem. Their population includes half-caste and
native Christians, warlike Moslems, and wild pagans. Many of their people are utterly unfit
for self-government and show no signs of becoming fit.
• Resistance [in the Philippines] must be stamped out. The first and all-important work to
be done is to establish the supremacy of our flag. We must put down armed resistance
before we can accomplish anything else, and there should be no parleying, no faltering, in
dealing with our foe. As for those in our own country who encourage the foe, we can afford
contemptuously to disregard them; but it must be remembered that their utterances are
not saved from being treasonable merely by the fact that they are despicable.
• [We must send out there only good and able men.... [They] must show the utmost tact
and firmness, remembering that, we such people as those with whom we are to deal,
weakness is the greatest of crimes, and that next to weakness comes lace of consideration
for their principles and prejudices.
William Graham Sumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883)
Background
• He grew up in Hartford, Connecticut
• Is the son of a working class English immigrant
• After graduating from Yale, he became a minister
• Returned to Yale as a professor of political and social
science
• He is known for his provocative ideas, rigorous
intellectual standards and staunch moral conviction
William Graham Sumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883)
Social Darwinism
• Sumner became one of the leading
proponents of laissez-faire and social
darwinism
William Graham Sumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883)
Main Points
• A person that doesn’t contribute to society is a
burden on society
– “a man who is present as a consumer, yet who does not
contribute either by land, labor, or capital to the work of
society, is a burden”
• Every person has a responsibility to take care of
themselves, to mind their own business
– “every man and woman in society has one big duty. That is,
to take care of his or her own self. This is a social duty.”.
William Graham Sumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883)
Thorstein’s Views
• Thorstein was an economist who disagreed with the views of Social
Darwinism.
Main Point #1
• The Leisure class is sheltered
from economic exigencies.
“The exigencies of the struggle for the means of life are less exacting for this class
than for any other; and as a consequence of this privileged position we should
expect to find it one of the least responsive of the class of society to the demands
with the situation makes for a further growth of institutions and a readjustment to
an altered industrial situation.”
“The exigencies of the general economic situation of the community do not freely
or directly impinge upon the members of this class.”
“They are not required under penalty of forfeiture to change their habits of life
and their theoretical views of the external world to suit the demands of an altered
industrial technique, since they are not in the full sense of an organic part of the
industrial community.”
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
Main Point #2
• The Leisure Class IS the Conservative Class.
“The conservatism of the wealthy class is so obvious a feature that it has
even come to be recognized as a mark of respectability.”
“So that even in cases where one recognizes substantial merits of the case
for which the innovator is spokesman-as may easily happen if the evils
which he seeks to remedy are sufficiently remote in point of time or space
or personal contact-still one cannot but be sensible of the fact that the
innovator is a person with whom it is at least distasteful to be associated,
and from whose special constant one must shrink. Innovation is bad form.”
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
Main Point #3
• The Leisure class acts to make the
lower class conservative.
“From this proposition it follows that the institution of a
leisure class acts to make the lower classes conservative by
withdrawing from them as much as it may of the means of
sustenance, and so reducing their consumption, and
consequently their available energy, to such a point as to
make them incapable of their efforts required for the learning
and adoption of new habits of though.
“The accumulation of wealth at the upper end of the
pecuniary scale implies privation at the lower end of the
scale.”
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
Main Point #4
• Conspicuous consumption is one of the main
elements in the standards of decency.
“The imperative example set by the upper class in fixing the canons of
reputability fosters the practice of conspicuous consumption.”
“The prevalence of conspicuous consumption as one of the main elements
in the stand of decency among all classes is of course not traceable wholly
to the example of the wealthy leisure class, but the practice and the
insistence on it are not doubt strengthened by the example of the leisure
class.”
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
Main Point #5
• Progress is hindered by underfeeding and
excessive physical hardship.
“Consequently it follows that progress is hindered by underfeeding
and excessive physical hardship, no less effectually than by such a
luxurious life as will shut out discontent by cutting off the occasion for
it.”
“The abjectly poor, and all those persons whose energies are entirely
absorbed by the struggle for daily sustenance, are conservative
because they cannot afford the effot of taking thought for the day
after to-morrow; just as the highly prosperous are conservative
because they have small occasion to be discontented with the
situation as it stand today.”
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
Main Point #6
• The Institution of a leisure class hinders
cultural development.
“The institution of a leisure class hinders cultural development
immediately (1) by the inertia proper to the class itself. (2) through
its prescriptive example of conspicuous waste and of conservatism,
and (3) indirectly through that system of unequal distribution of
wealth and sustenance on which the institution itself rests…”
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
Main Point #7
• The Leisure class constantly retards
adjustment to the environment.
“The leisure class, in the nature of things, consistently acts to retard that
adjustment to the environment which is called social advance or
development.”
“The institution of a leisure class, by force of class interest and instinct,
and precept and prescriptive example, makes for the perpetuation of the
existing maladjustment of institution, and even favours a reversion to a
somewhat more archaic scheme of life; a scheme which would be still
farther out of adjustment with the exigencies of life under the existing
situation even than the accredited, obsolescent scheme that has come
down from the immediate past.”
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
He taught political economy and later became editor of the Journal of
Political Thought.
He taught at Stanford from 1906-1909 and at the
University of Missouri from 1911-1918.
•This conservatism of the wealthy class is so obvious a feature that it has even
come to be recognized as a mark of respectability. Since conservatism is a
characteristic of the wealthier and therefore more reputable portion of the
community, it has acquired a certain honorific or decorative value. It has
become prescriptive to such an extent that an adherence to conservative views
is comprised as a matter of course in our notions of respectability; and it is
imperatively incumbent on all who would lead a blameless life in point of social
repute. Conservatism, being an upper-class characteristic, is decorous; and
conversely, innovation, being a lower-class phenomenon, is vulgar.
•From this proposition it follows that the institution of a leisure class acts to
make the lower classes conservative by withdrawing from them as much as it
may of the means of sustenance, and so reducing their consumption, and
consequently their available energy, to such a point as to make them incapable
of the effort required for the learning and adoption of new habits of thought.
Main Points 3: The example of the leisure class fosters conspicuous
consumption, which diverts resources away from sustenance of the lower
classes.
3. When under oppression, women have the right to refuse allegiance to their government and lobby for a
better one that grants equality.
“Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of those who
suffer from it to refuse allegiance to it, and to insist upon the institution of a new government, laying its
foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely
to effect their safety and happiness.”
5. Because women are equal, but because they have been oppressed, they should be immediately admitted
as full American citizens.
“…because women do feel themselves aggrieved, oppressed, and fraudulently deprived of their most
sacred rights, we insist that they have immediate admission to all the rights and privileges which
belong to them as citizens of these United States.”
Seneca Falls Convention, Declaration of Sentiments (1848)
Main Points
• “He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.”
• “He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.”
• “He has withheld from her rights which are given the most ignorant and degraded men- both natives and foreigners.”
• “He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.”
• “He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns.”
• “In the covenant of marriage, she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming, to all intents and purposes, her
master.”
• …if single, and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be
made profitable to it.” 1
Horatio Storer, The Origins of the Insanity in Women (1865)
• In 1868 Myra founded a weekly legal newspaper called the Chicago Legal News.
With Bradwell servicing as both editor and business manager, the Chicago Legal
News quickly became a success.
• In 1869, after passing the state bar examination, Bradwell applied to the Illinois
Supreme Court for admission to the bar. The court rejected her application on the
grounds that as a married woman she “would be bound neither by her express
contracts nor by those implied contracts which it is the policy of the law to create
between attorney and client.” She reapplied, but the court rejected her again, this
time because she was a woman, regardless of her marital status. The Court ruled,
"God designed the sexes to occupy different spheres of action, and that it belonged
to men to make, apply and execute laws, was regarded as an almost axiomatic
truth."
• She appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which in 1873 upheld the Illinois
decision, saying that it could not interfere with each state’s right to regulate the
granting of licenses within its borders.
Bradwell v. The State of Illinois
(1873), U.S. Supreme Court
Main Point 1
(Majority Decision written by
Justice Miller):
Citizenship does not give one
the right, under the
fourteenth amendment, to
practice law in the courts of
a state.
“We agree with [counsel] that there Myra Bradwell
are privileges and immunities
belonging to citizens of the United
States, in that relation and
character, and that it is these and
these alone which a State is
forbidden to abridge. But the right to
admission to practice in the courts
of a State is not one of them. This
right in no sense depends on
citizenship of the United States.” p.
84.
Justice Samuel Freeman Miller
Main Point 2 (Concurring Opinion by Justice Bradley): Men and women are
very different. Women are naturally timid and delicate and there are many
occupations for which they are unfit. Man is woman’s protector and
defender.
…[T]he civil law, as well as nature herself, has always recognized a wide
difference in the respective spheres and destinies of man and woman. Man
is, or should be, woman's protector and defender. The natural and proper
timidity and delicacy which belongs to the female sex evidently unfits it for
many of the occupations of civil life. p. 85.
Background
• Born: Sep. 14, 1879, 6th out of 11 children.
• Sanger believed the reason her mother died at age 50 was because
of 18 pregnancies.
• In 1896 Sanger entered Claverack College and Hudson River
Institute, she then attended White Plains Hospital’s nursing
program in 1900.
• Published The Woman Rebel in March of 1914 and was indicted in
August of 1914 for obscenity laws because of its urging women to
use contraceptives
• Sanger returned to U.S. to face charges, charges were dropped
because 5 yr. old daughter died unexpectedly of pneumonia.
• In October 1916, first birth control clinic Brownsville, Brooklyn , only
to be closed down 9 days later.
Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (1920).
Background (cont.)
• She formed the National Committee on Federal
Legislation for Birth Control in 1929 in order to
lobby for legislation to allow physicians to legally
provide women with contraceptives
• She helped form the International Planned
Parenthood Federation in 1952 and served as its
first president until 1959.
• The 1965 Supreme Court ruling in Griswold v.
Connecticut allowed married couples to legally
acquire birth control.
• Margaret Sanger died on October 6, 1966.
Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (1920).
Main points
• 1. Birth control is the concrete foundation for
improving civilization and diminishing the evils of
society.
– “The creators of over-population are the women,
who, while wringing their hands over each fresh
horror, submit anew to their task of producing the
multitudes who will bring about the next tragedy of
civilization.”
– “She was replenishing the ranks of the prostitutes,
furnishing grist for the criminal courts and inmates for
prisons.”
Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (1920).
Main points
(cont.)
• 2. Birth control is the way for women to
attain basic freedom.
– “They [women] are determined to decide for
themselves whether they shall become mothers,
under what conditions and when.”
– “Through birth control she will attain to voluntary
motherhood. “ “Having attained this, the basic
freedom of her sex, she will cease to enslave
herself and the mass of humanity.”
Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (1920).
Historical Significance
• Margaret Sanger “revolutionized” America more than
anyone else has. She opened the minds of others to
women's rights to choose when and how many children to
have. By giving women the opportunity to make choices
about motherhood she reduced the amount of evils in
humanity. What would the world be like if there were not
birth control? Can you imagine the crime rate, the
depletion of resources, famine, and other tribulations if
there was no control of the population. By introducing a
method to control the population, Sanger enhanced the
value of life for those who wanted children and those who
did not. Life became more of a gift for those who had the
opportunity to choose when to have children.
Thousands gathered in Paris, Texas, for the 1893 lynching of
Henry Smith.
Thousands gathered in Paris, Texas, for the 1893 lynching of Henry Smith.
MAIN POINTS
• For more than thirty years Negroes were killed without
due process.
– “During these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been killed in
cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal execution.”
• Race Riots
• Unjust Suffrage
• Violators of white women
– “The government which had made the Negro a citizen found itself unable to
protect him. It gave him the right to vote, but denied him the protection
which should have maintained that right.”
Main Points Continued
– “ Before the world adjudges the Negro a moral monster, a vicious assailant of
womanhood and a menace to the sacred precincts of home, the colored people
ask the consideration of the silent record of gratitude, respect, protection, and
devotion of the millions of the race in the South, to the thousands of northern
white women who have served as teachers and missionaries since the war…”
Main Points Continued
• The Negroes were helpless in the fight against
the white men.
Cast it down among the eight millions of Negroes whose habits you
know, whose fidelity and love you have tested….. Cast down your
bucket among these people who have without strikes and labor wars
tilled your fields, cleared your forests, builded your railroads and
cities, brought forth treasures from the bowels of the earth, just to
make possible this magnificent representation of the progress of the
South. Casting down bucket among my people, helping and
encouraging them as you are doing on these grounds, and to
education of head, hand, and heart, you will find that they will buy
your surplus land, make blossom the waste places in your fields, and
run your factories. While doing this, you can be sure in the future, as
in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most
patient, faithful, law-abiding, and unresentful people that the world
has seen. As we have proved our loyalty to you in the past, in nursing
your children, watching by the sickbed of your mothers and fathers,
and often following them with tear-dimmed eyes to their graves, so in
the future, in our humble way, we shall stand by you with a devotion
that no foreigner can approach, ready to lay down our lives,….
[We will interlace ] our industrial, commercial, civil, and religious life
with yours in a way that shall make the interests of both races one.
THE MESSAGE FOR WHITES: If white people insist on keeping
the Negro down, they will only be hurting themselves.
Nearly sixteen millions of hands will aid you in pulling the load upward,
or they will pull against you the load downward. We shall constitute
one-third and more of the ignorance and crime of the South, or one-
third its intelligence and progress; we shall contribute one-third to the
business and industrial prosperity of the South, or we shall prove a
veritable body, of death, stagnating, depressing, retarding every effort
to advance the body politic.
Main Points:
The freedman has not yet found in freedom his promised land.
Whatever of lesser good may have come in these years of
change, the shadow of a deep disappointment rests upon the
Negro people….