Chapter 1 – Vector Analysis

1.1 Scalar and Vectors

1.2 Vector Algebra
1.3 The Cartesian Coordinate system
THURSY
1.4 Vector Components and Unit Vectors
SATRIANI 1.5 The Vector Field
1.6 The Dot Product
1.7 The Cross Product
ENGINEERING
ELECTROMAGNETICS
 1.1 SCALARS AND VECTORS

The term scalar refers to quantity whose value may be represented by a single (positive or negative)
real number. Ex : distance, time, temperature, mass density, pressure (but not force), volume and
volume resistivity, voltage.
A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction in space. We shall be concerned with two- or
three- dimensional spaces only, but vector may be defined in n-dimensional spaces in more advance
applications. Ex : Force, velocity, acceleration, and a straight line from the positive to negative
terminal of a storage battery.

A field (scalar or vector) may be defined mathematically as some function of that vector
which connects an arbitrary origin to general point in space.
We usually find it possible to associate some physical effect with a field, such as force on
a compass needle in the earth’s magnetic field, or the movement of smoke particles in
the field defined by the vector velocity of air in some region of space. The field concept
invariably is related to a region.
Scalar field’s ex : The temperature throughout the bowl of soup and the density at any
point in the earth. (A)
Vector field’s ex: The gravitational, magnetic fields of the earth, the voltage gradient in a
cable, and temperature gradient in a soldering iron tip. The value of a field varies in
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general with both position and time (A or 𝐴) BANK 2
 1.2 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Discuss about vector arithmetic, vector algebra, and vector calculus.

Vectorial addition follows the parallelogram. Note : when a vector is drawn as

- Obeys the associative law, A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C an arrow of finite length, the
position, its location is defined to
- Substraction A-B = A+(-B) be at the tail end of the arrow.
- (r+s) (A+B) = r (A+B) + s (A+B) = rA + rB + sA + sB Coplanar vectors, or vectors lying
in a common plane may also be
added by expressing each vector
in terms of “horizontal” and
“vertical” components and
adding corresponding components

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 1.3 THE CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
In order to describe a vector accurately, some specific lengths, direction, angles, projections, or
components must be given. There are three simple ways the cartesian, rectangular, or coordinate
system.

dS differential area

P’ coordinates

dL distance P to P’

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1.4 VECTOR COMPONENTS AND UNIT VECTORS
Given

Component Scalars Fx, Fy, and Fz,

signed as magnitudes of component
vectors.
Component vector F = Fxaz+Fyay+Fzaz

If a vector
The Magnitude

The Unit vector

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 1.4 VECTOR COMPONENTS AND UNIT VECTORS
Example 1
Specify the unit vector extending from the origin toward the point G(2, -2, 1)
Solution :
G = 2ax -2ay+az (Construct the vector extending from origin to point G)
𝐺 = 2 2 + −2 2 + −1 2 = 3 (finding the magnitude)
𝑮 2 2 1
𝒂𝐺 = = 3 𝒂𝑥 − 3 𝒂𝑦 + 3 𝒂𝑧 = 0.667𝒂𝑥 − 0.667𝒂𝑦 + 0.333𝒂𝑧
𝑮

Example 2
Given points M(-1,2,1), N(3,-3,0), and P(-2,-3,-4), find: (a) RMN; (b) RMN+RMP; (c) |rM|; (d) aMP;
(e) |2rP -3rN|
Answer:
(a) 4ax – 5ay – az; (b) 3ax – 10ay – 6az; (c) 2.45; (d) -0.14ax – 0.7ay – 0.7az; (e) 15.56

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 1.5 THE VECTOR FIELD
Vector field defined as a vector function of a position vector. In general, the magnitude and
direction of the function will change as we move throughout region.

If r represent position vector, vector field G can be expressed in functional notation G(r) ; a scalar field
T is written as T(r).

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 1.6 THE DOT PRODUCT
We consider 2 types of vector multiplication. Dot product or scalar product is defined as product
magnitude of vector A and B and the cosine smaller angle between them

And it also obeys commutative law

Most common application in mechanics, where constant force F applied over a straight displacement
L, and the work become F.L cos . If the force varies along path it becomes

Total flux crossing the surface S and magnetic flux density B

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1.6 THE DOT PRODUCT

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 1.7 THE CROSS PRODUCT

Cross product or vector product A x B is a vector. The magnitude of A x B is equal the product of
the magnitude A and the magnitude B and the sine of smaller angle between A and B.

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 1.7 THE CROSS PRODUCT

Cross product or vector product A x B is a vector. The magnitude of A x B is equal the product of
the magnitude A and the magnitude B and the sine of smaller angle between A and B. The direction
of A and B is perpendicular to

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1.7 THE CROSS PRODUCT

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