The document discusses the phone call hierarchy in a public switched telephone network (PSTN). It describes the following hierarchy:
1. Phone calls are first handled by the local central office (CO) switch.
2. Intra-LATA calls are then routed through a tandem office.
3. Inter-LATA calls are passed to the local switching office of a long-distance carrier, and may pass through multiple classes of switching centers (Class 4, 3, 2, 1) before reaching the destination.
The document discusses the phone call hierarchy in a public switched telephone network (PSTN). It describes the following hierarchy:
1. Phone calls are first handled by the local central office (CO) switch.
2. Intra-LATA calls are then routed through a tandem office.
3. Inter-LATA calls are passed to the local switching office of a long-distance carrier, and may pass through multiple classes of switching centers (Class 4, 3, 2, 1) before reaching the destination.
The document discusses the phone call hierarchy in a public switched telephone network (PSTN). It describes the following hierarchy:
1. Phone calls are first handled by the local central office (CO) switch.
2. Intra-LATA calls are then routed through a tandem office.
3. Inter-LATA calls are passed to the local switching office of a long-distance carrier, and may pass through multiple classes of switching centers (Class 4, 3, 2, 1) before reaching the destination.
The document discusses the phone call hierarchy in a public switched telephone network (PSTN). It describes the following hierarchy:
1. Phone calls are first handled by the local central office (CO) switch.
2. Intra-LATA calls are then routed through a tandem office.
3. Inter-LATA calls are passed to the local switching office of a long-distance carrier, and may pass through multiple classes of switching centers (Class 4, 3, 2, 1) before reaching the destination.
2010 Hirarki sentral • Sentral lokal • Sentral Tundem • Sentral Trunk/Toll • Sentral Gerbang Internasional Phone Call Process • Requested destinations for phone calls are indicated to the central office (CO) switch by dialing a series of numbers (pulse or tone dialing). When the phone call is placed it will be handled by PSTN in the following way: I. The phone call first arrives to the central office via a local loop, it is then processed in this local central office (also called end office or Class 5 office). This office has a switch that does the following: – Processes incoming calls. – Determines the best path to the call destination. – Establishes circuit connection. II. Intra-LATA calls (not local but still within the same LATA) are handled by the local carrier (RBOC) since they are technically considered as long-distance calls. – If the local CO does not have a direct trunk to the destination CO, the call will be routed through a Tandem Office. – Tandem office: establishes intra-LATA circuit and handles billing procedures for long distance calls. III. Inter-LATA calls are turned over from local carries to long-distance carrier like AT&T, MCI, U.S.Sprint. So, in this case the central office (CO) will merely forward the placed call to the local switching office of the long-distance carrier (called POP office) (also known as Class 4 toll center)
POP: Point-of-Presence in a specific LATA for a
long-distance carrier. IV. If a Class 4 center cannot find a direct link to the destination Class 4 center, then the call will be handed over to the next level of switching up in the hierarchy (to Class 3 primary center). The goal in switching here is to keep the call processing as low on the hierarchy as possible for the following reasons: – Quicker call establishment and handling. – Maximization of cost-effective use of the lowest and least expensive switching offices possible (i.e. trying to use the least expensive and less number of switching offices). – The higher in the hierarchy means more routing flexibility to larger areas and more cost will be paid. V. Class 3 primary center will in its turn hand it over to Class 2 sectional centers if there is no direct trunk. VI.And finally Class 2 will hand it over to Class 1 regional center.