Water supply and sanitation in China

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Water supply and sanitation in China is undergoing a massive transition while facing nu
China: Water and Sanitation

Much has been achieved during the past decades in terms of increased access to services
Access to an
Data
95% (2015) [1]

Water
Nevertheless, much remains to be achieved.
improved water
source
Access to
improved
Wastewater
[10] According to survey data analyzed by the
76% (2015) [1]

sanitation

Municipal
Continuity of Generally
supply (%) continuous, but
Contents Urban seasonal shortages

20-30%
Average urban
Rural40-50%
in some areas [2]

(44%
204 (2005) [3]

•1 Access governments water use

(56% of
(liter/capita/day)
Average urban US$3.5/month for

•2 Service quality
water and sewer
bill for 20m3
of thewater only [4][5]

Domestic banks 20-30%

the 10-20% Total
Share of household 90% (2004) [6]
metering

•2.1 Water supply population

Share of collected
wastewater
52% (2006) [7]

population
treated

State bond
Annual investment about US$10 /

•2.2 Wastewater treatment

in WSS

10-20% ) 20-30%
capita (2006) in
urban areas.[8]

•[show]
program v )
Share of self-
financing by
utilities
close to zero

•3 Links to water
•t resourcesImproved
Share of tax-
financing
Share of internal
about 35% (from
city budgets)
55-60%

•4 Links to poverty,
debt financing

Private
•e sectorand hygiene
health, 10-20%
Share of foreign
financing 10-20%
5-10%

Water water and sanitation

98% 93% 95%
Institutions

•5 Responsibility
Decentralization to Full

for articles
Water
Health
China
China water
supply supply
Development
in Chinaand
municipalities

sanitation in Asia
National water and No

•5.1 PolicyBank source 10%

and legal framework
sanitation
company
Water and
sanitation
5%
No

regulator

•5.1.1 Water supply Improved

Responsibility for The Ministry of

and sanitation
policy setting Housing and
Urban-Rural

Sanitation 87% 64% 76%

•5.1.2 International
Development (until
2008 the Ministry

Water resourcessanitation
management of Construction)
for urban water
supply; Ministry of

•5.2 ServiceFinancial
provision 5% 10%
Health for rural
water supply;
Ministry of Water
Resources for

•5.2.1 Institutions
Water Resources
Management

Urban areas Sector law

Number of urban
service providers
No
41,663 (including
small towns)

•5.2.2 Private sector participation

Number of rural n/a
service providers

•5.2.3 Rural areas

•5.2.4 NGOs
•6 History and current developments
•6.1 Massive investment program for wastewater treatment
plant was built in the city of Nanjing.[21] Subsequently, China engaged in what is possibly
the largest wastewater treatment investment program in history. It has been estimated
that in 2006 there was sufficient capacity to treat 52% of municipal residential
wastewater.[7] According to the State Environmental Protection Agency the rate of urban
wastewater treatment reached 57% in that year.[36] The government's goal to achieve a
China: Water and Sanitation

level of 60% for treatment of municipal wastewater by 2010 was surpassed. By 2010,
Access to an
Data
95% (2015) [1]

77.5% of domestic waste water wasWater treated.[37] BetweenWastewater

improved water
source
Access to
improved
sanitation
2001 and 2004, the number of
76% (2015) [1]

Municipal increased from 300 to 475 out of 661 cities.[38]

Continuity of Generally

cities that charge wastewater tariffs hasUrban

supply (%) continuous, but
seasonal shortages

20-30%
Average urban
Rural40-50%
in some areas [2]

(44%
204 (2005) [3]

According to the governments

Notice
•[show] v on the Construction
water use

(56% ofPlan
(liter/capita/day)
Average urban
for the Nation's
US$3.5/month for
Urban Waste Water
in theof the Five-Year Plan by the General
water and sewer water only [4][5]

Treatment and•tDomestic
Recyclingbanks
Facilities presented
bill for 20m3

20-30%
the 12th10-20% Total
Share of household 90% (2004) [6]
metering

Office of the State

Share of collected

Council, which was promulgated population

52% (2006) [7]

population on May 4, 2012, the waste water

wastewater

•e
treated

State bond
Annual investment about US$10 /

treatment rate China

in thearticles
PRC
in WSS

will further improve

10-20% ) By
capita (2006) in

by 2015. the end of 2015, the waste

urban areas.[8]

20-30%
•[show]
program v )
Share of self-
financing by
utilities
close to zero

water treatment •t rate shouldImproved

increase to 100% for municipalities, provincial capital cities
Share of tax-
financing
Share of internal
about 35% (from
city budgets)
55-60%
debt financing

Private designated
and cities specifically
•e sector in10-20%
the state plan, 85% 10-20%
Share of foreign
financing
5-10%
for other cities, 70% for
Water water 98% 93% 95%
Institutions

counties, and 30% [37][39]

Chinaforintowns.
Decentralization to Full
municipalities

Water
Health supply
Development
China
and sanitation
source in in Asia
National water and
sanitation
No

Remaining challenges However, 10%

company

the rush to construct

Water and No 5%planning mistakes were made.
Bank sanitation
regulator

Demand was overestimated, Improved

the construction of sewerage lagged behind the
Responsibility for The Ministry of
policy setting Housing and
Urban-Rural

Sanitation 87% 64% 76%

construction of International
Development (until
2008 the Ministry

sanitation
treatment plants, designs were sometimes inappropriate, there was no
of Construction)
for urban water
supply; Ministry of

requirement forFinancial 5% effluents thus10%

Health for rural

pre-treatment of industrial affecting the effectiveness of

water supply;
Ministry of Water
Resources for

Institutions
Water Resources
Management

treatment processes, and the sites chosen for the first priority investments within a river
Sector law
Number of urban
service providers
No
41,663 (including
small towns)

basin were not always those where the highest impact could have been achieved in
Number of rural n/a
service providers

terms of improving river water quality.[40] As a result, many plants are underutilized or
poorly functioning. According to the Ministry of Construction, more than 50 wastewater
treatment plants in more than 30 cities operated at only 30 percent of their capacity or
did not even come into operation.[41] Consequently, the impact of the investment