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12271886
12271886
12271886
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pH
pH = - log [ H+] or pH = - log [ H3O+ ]
Example I
What is the pH of solution with [ H+] = 32 X 10-5 mol/L ?
pH = - log [ H+]
pH = - log 32 X 10-5
pH = 3.495
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Example II
The hydronium ion concentration of 0.1 M solution was found
to the 1.32 X 10-3 M, What is the pH of the solution?
pH = - log [ H3O+ ]
pH = - log [ 1.32 X 10-3 ]
pH = 2.88
Example III
If the pH of a solution is 4.72, what is the hydrogen ion
concentration?
pH = - log [ H+ ]
- log [ H+ ] = 4.72
log [ H+ ] = - 4.72 take anti-log for both side
[ H+ ] = 1.91 X 10-5 3
pH = 0 H+ = 1 M/l = 1 X 100 = 1
pH = 1 H+ = 1 X 10-1 = 0.1 M/L
pH = 2 H+ = 1 X 10-2 = 0.01 M/L
pH = 3 H+ = 1 X 10-3 = 0.001 M/L
pH + pOH = 14
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Introduction
When a minute trace of hydrochloric acid is added to pure
water, a significant increase in hydrogen-ion concentration
occur immediately.
In a similar manner, when a minute trace of sodium hydroxide
is added to pure water, it cause correspondingly large increase
in the hydroxyl-ion concentration.
These change take place because water alone cannot
neutralize even trace of acid or base, i.e. it has no ability to
resist change in hydrogen-ion concentration or pH.
Therefore, it is said to be unbuffered.
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Adjustment of pH by the buffer
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Adjustment of pH by the buffer
Degree of acidity and alkalinity depends on the relative
concentration of H+ ion and OH- ion.
if H+ > OH- = acidic ACIDO
H+ = OH- = neutral NEUTRO
H+ < OH- = alkaline BASICO
0 3.5 7 10.5 14
Strong acid Weak acid Weak base Strong base
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The product of H+ ion and OH- ion in the any aqueous
liquid is constant i.e.
Kw = [ H+] [ OH- ]
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Some notes about buffer:
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Selection of buffer system depends on:
1. pH rang.
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Method of preparation of buffer
1. Buffer equation.
2. Buffer table.
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Buffer solution consist of mixture of weak acid and its
conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid.
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take the negative log of each of the three terms in the last
equation, they become:
- log [H+] this is the pH
- log Ka this is the pKa
- log ([HA] / [A-]) to get rid of the negative sign + log ([A-] /
[HA])
Inserting these last three items (the pH, the pKa and the
rearranged log term), we arrive at the
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:
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common way the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation is presented
in a textbook explanation:
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Remember that, in a buffer, the two substances differ by only
a proton. The substance with the proton is the acid and the
substance without the proton is the salt.
Here it is:
Remember this: the base is the one WITHOUT the proton and
the acid is the one WITH the proton. 17
Buffer equation of weak base & its salt
Dissociation Constant of weak acid is given by the equation :
( B + ) ( OH- )
Kb = --------------------
( BOH)
[Base]
pH = pKw – pKb + log ----------
[ Salt]
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An alternate form of the Henderson-
Hasselbalch Equation
The last discussion used pH and pKa .There is a alternate
form of the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation using pOH and
pKb .
[Salt]
pOH = pKb + log -----------
[Base]
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Mechanism of action of buffer
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Mechanism of action of buffer… cont
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pH + pOH = 14
[Salt]
pH = pKa + log ----------
[Acid]
[Salt]
pOH = pKb + log ----------- or
[Base]
[Base]
pH = pKw – pKb + log ----------
[ Salt]
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Example I
What is the molar ratio of salt/acid required to prepare an
acetate buffer pH = 5 ?
Ka = 1.8 X 10-5
pKa = - log Ka
pKa = - log 1.8 X 10-5 = 4.75
pH = pKa + log salt/acid
5 = 4.75 + log salt/acid
log salt/acid = 5 – 4.75 = 0.25 take anti-log for both side
salt/acid = 1.78
So, Ratio of salt/acid = 1.78/1
Mole fraction of acid = 1 / ( 1.78 + 1) =0.3597 X 100 = 35.97 %
Mole fraction of salt = 1.78 / ( 1.78 + 1) =0.6403 X 100 = 64.03 %
pKa = - log Ka
pKa = - log 1.8 X 10-5 = 4.75
pH = pKa + log salt/acid
6 = 4.75 + log salt/acid
log salt/acid = 6 – 4.75 = 1.25 take anti-log for both side
salt/acid = 17.78/1
= 6.21 g
Example III
If we add 0.1 M sodium acetate to 0.09 M acetic acid
.What is the pH if you know Ka = 1.8 X 10-5 ?
pKa = - log Ka
pKa = - log 1.8 X 10-5 = 4.75
pH = pKa + log salt/acid
pH = 4.75 + log 0.1/0.09
pH = 4.796
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Example IV
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The addition of 0.04 mol of sodium hydroxide converts 0.04
mol of acetic acid to 0.04 mol of sodium acetate.
Consequently, the conc. Of the acetic acid is decrease and
the conc. Of the sodium acetate is increase by equal
amounts, according to the following equation :
salt + base
pH = pKa + log ------------------------
acid - base
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salt + base
pH = pKa + log -----------------------
acid - base
0.2 + 0.04
pH = 4.76 + log -------------------
0.2 - 0.04
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Buffer Capacity
The ability of buffer solution to resist change in pH upon
addition of acid or base.
Ka . [H+]
Buffer Capacity “ B “ = 2.303 X C X -----------------
( Ka + [H+] )2
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Example I
Ka . [H+]
Buffer Capacity “ B “ = 2.303 X C X -----------------
( Ka + [H+] )2
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