Arts Appreciation Project

History of Architecture

Submitted to:
Dr. Leonardo S. Garcia
Submitted by:
Malekibir, Hadi
Limbawan, Paolo Q.
Ruiz, Lady Lou
Poblete, Gene Kendall
Uy, John Emmanuel B.
 TOPICS

• Roman Architecture
• Byzantine Architecture
• Romanesque Architecture
• Gothic Architecture
 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
• ORIGIN / Context
• Significant Structures
• COMMON types of building
• MATERIALS
• Photos
 Origin of Roman Architecture
• Adopted “Ancient Greek Architecture”
• Used “Hydraulics” in their arches which they
learned from their forefather’s neighbor; the
Etruscan.
• Later, absorbed Greek and Phoenician
influence, specially with regards to
architecture.
• Roman Architecture flourished during PAX
ROMANA (Roman Empire)
 Context
• Romans intended to use public buildings to
impress and use as a public function.
• Factors in achieving and discovering new
architectural solutions.
– Wealth of Romans
– High Population Density of Romans
 Significant Structures
• Aqueducts
• Ampitheatre
• Basilicas
• Circus(building)
• Forum(Roman)
• Insulae
• Temple(Roman)
• Roman Theatre
• Thermae
• Triumphal Arch
 AQUEDUCTS

AQUA CLAUDIA –parco degli Acquedotti

 AQUEDUCTS

Pont Du Gard – Southern France

 AQUEDUCTS

Segovia Aqueduct– Spain

AMPITHEATRE

Uthina Ampitheatre
BASILICAS

St. Peter Basilicas- Vatican City

BASILICAS

Pantheon - Rome
 MATERIALS
• Bricks
• Cements
• Marble Engineering
inventions
• Atriums
• Vaults
• Columns
- Tuscan
- Composite
 BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
• Characteristic
• Excerpts
• Photos
 Characteristic
Architecture developed from the fifth century A.D. in the Byzantine Empire,
characterized especially by massive domes with square bases and rounded arches and
spires and much use of glass mosaics.

The architectural and decorative style begun in Constantinople spread throughout the
fourth, fifth and sixth century Christian world until the fall of Constantinople to the
Turks (1453).
 Excerpts
Reprinted from
A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, by Sir
Banister-Fletcher, New York, 1950, pp. 238, 240, 242
Byzantine Architecture
The character of Byzantine architecture, which dates from the fourth
century to the present day, is determined by the novel development of
the dome to cover polygonal and square plans for churches, tombs, and
baptisteries.

The practice of placing many domes over one building is in strong

contrast to the Romanesque system of vaulted roofs. The change from
Roman and Early Christian forms was gradual, but in the course of two
centuries the East asserted its influence; and though no exact line
separates Early Christian and Byzantine styles, yet the basilican type,
inherited from pagan Rome, is characteristic of the former, and the domed
type, introduced from the East, of the latter.
Roman Concrete and Brickwork
The system of construction in concrete and brickwork introduced by the Romans was adopted by
the Byzantines. The carcase of concrete and brickwork was first completed and allowed to settle
before the surface sheathing of unyielding marble slabs was added, and this independence of the
component parts is characteristic of Byzantine construction. Brickwork, moreover. lent itself
externally to decorative caprices in patterns and banding, and internally it was suitable for
covering with marble,mosaic, and fresco decoration.

The Byzantines therefore took great pains in the manufacture of bricks, which were employed
alike in military, ecclesiastical, and domestic architecture. The ordinary bricks were like the
Roman, about an inch and a half in depth, and were laid on thick beds of mortar.
This general use of brickwork necessitated special care in making mortar, which was composed
of lime and sand with crushed pottery, tiles, or bricks, and much of it remains as hard as that in
the best buildings of Rome, while the core of the wall was sometimes of concrete, as in the
Roman period.

The decorative character of external facades depended largely on the arrangement of the facing
bricks, which were not always laid horizontally, but sometimes obliquely, sometimes in the form
of the meander fret, sometimes in the chevron or herringbone pattern, and in many other similar
designs, giving great variety to the facades. An attempt was also made to ornament the rough
brick exteriors by the use of stone bands and decorative arches.
Walls were sheeted internally with marble and vaults and domes with coloured glass mosaics on a
golden background...
Domes
The dome, which had always been a traditional feature in the East, became the
prevailing motif of Byzantine architecture, which was a fusion of the domical
construction with the Classical columnar style. Domes of various types were now
placed over square compartments by means of "pendentives," whereas in Roman
architecture domes were only used over circular or polygonal structures.
These domes were frequently constructed of bricks or of some light porous stone, such
as pumice, or even of pottery, as at S. Vitale, Ravenna.

Byzantine domes and vaults were, it is believed, constructed without temporary support
or "centering " by the simple use of large flat bricks, and this is quite a distinct system
probably derived from Eastern methods.

Windows were formed in the lower portion of the dome which, in the later period, was
hoisted upon a high "drum" - a feature which was still further embellished in the
Renaissance period by the addition of an external peristyle.

The grouping of small domes or semi-domes round the large central dome was
effective, and one of the most remarkable peculiarities of Byzantine churches was that
the forms of the vaults and domes were visible externally, undisguised by any timber
roof; thus in the Byzantine style the exterior closely corresponds with the interior.
Interior decoration
... in domes and apses by coloured mosaics, which were of glass rendered opaque by
oxide of tin, an invention which had also been employed in the Early Christian period.
This use of rich marbles and mosaics resulted in the rounding of angles and in an
absence of mouldings and cornices, so that the mosaic designs and pictures might
continue uninterrupted over wall surfaces, piers, arches, domes, and apses Marble and
mosaic were used broadly to make a complete lining for a rough carcase and mouldings
were replaced by decorative bands formed in the mosaic. One surface melts into another
as the mosaic is continued from arch and pendentive upwards to the dome, while the
gold of the background was even introduced into the figures, and thus unity of
treatment was always maintained.
HAGIA SOPHIA
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
• Definition of “ROMANESQUE”
• Origin
• Characteristic
• Significant Structures
• Photos
 Definition of “ROMANESQUE”
• Oxford English Dictionary: romanesque means
“descended from Roman”
• Architecturally: French term “romane” used to
describe the debased Roman Architecture –
Charles de Gerville
 Origin
• Romanesque architecture was the first distinctive style to spread
across Europe since the Roman Empire. Despite the impression of
19th century Art Historians that Romanesque architecture was a
continuation of the Roman, in fact, Roman building techniques in
brick and stone were largely lost in most parts of Europe, and in the
more northern countries had never been adopted except for official
buildings, while in Scandinavia they were unknown. There was little
continuity, except in Rome where several
great Constantinian basilicascontinued to stand as an inspiration to
later builders. It was not the buildings of ancient Rome, but the 6th
century octagonal Byzantine Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna that
was to inspire the greatest building of the Dark Ages in Europe,
the Emperor Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel, Aachen, Germany,
built around the year AD 800
 Origin
• Dating shortly after the Palatine Chapel is a remarkable
9th century Swiss manuscript known as the Plan of
Saint Gall and showing a very detailed plan of a
monastic complex, with all its various monastic
buildings and their functions labelled. The largest
building is the church, the plan of which is distinctly
Germanic, having an apse at both ends, an
arrangement not generally seen elsewhere. Another
feature of the church is its regular proportion, the
square plan of the crossing tower providing a module
for the rest of the plan. These features can both be
seen at the Proto-Romanesque St. Michael's Church,
Hildesheim, 1001–1030.
 Origin
• Architecture of a Romanesque style also
developed simultaneously in the north of Italy,
parts of France and in the Iberian Peninsula in
the 10th century and prior to the later
influence of the Abbey of Cluny. The style,
sometimes called "First Romanesque" or
"Lombard Romanesque", is characterised by
thick walls, lack of sculpture and the presence
of rhythmic ornamental arches known as
a Lombard band.
 Characteristics
• Walls – Hollow Core columns
• Buttresses • Capitals
• Arches and Openings • Vaults and Roofs
• Arcades – Barrel Vaults
– Groin Vaults
• Piers
– Ribbed Vaults
• Alternation
– Point Arched
• Columns
– Salvaged Columns
– Drum Columns
Photos
Photos
Photos
Photos