Life in the South & Westward

Movement
Civil War Ends…Woo!
• 13th Amendment is Passed – abolishes
slavery in the United States
• Freedman’s Bureau is set up to provide
food, clothes, hospitals, legal protection,
and education for former slaves and poor
whites
Congressional Reconstruction
• 14th Amendment is passed – defines
citizenship as “all persons born or
naturalized in the United States”
• Says that ALL citizens must be given basic
rights of all other citizens
• Intended to nullify and overrule Dred Scot
decision
• 15th Amendment – garauntees right to
vote to ALL MEN “regardless of race, color,
or previous condition of servitude”
 Amendments
th
& Laws
• 13 Amendment – abolished slavery
• 14th Amendment – defined citizenship
• 15th Amendment – universal male voting
• Segregation/Jim Crow Laws
• Plessy v. Ferguson - 1896
• 7/8 white – 1/8 black
• Sat in “whites only” car on train and refused to
move
• Was arrested
• Court ruled segregation was legal – set up
“separate but equal” laws in US
 Responses to Ku Klux Klan
• Begun in 1866 by 6 former Confederates
• Determined to destroy/kill Republicans
• Keep AfAm from voting or control politics
• Burned churches, schools, homes,
businesses of African Americans
• Still exist today 
Cartoon by
Thomas Nast

A famous
cartoonist we will
talk about more
later
African Americans Improve Lives
• formed societies and cooperatives
• supported churches and schools
• supported businessmen
Alexis de Tocqueville
From France. Sent here to study our prison
system

Was very impressed with our form of democracy

so…..
 Wrote a book in 1838 : Democracy in
America
5 Values
Populism - People participate in government through
elections, voting, petitioning
liberty Protection against tyrannical government

Individualism No castes, upward movement possible,

volunteers/charities
Egalitarianism a society of equals ---unlike Europe
Laissez-faire Government is limited. And keeps hands off of
the economy
Westward Movement
 1865 – 1910
• Reconstruction
• Westward Movement
• Modern Age of Invention
• New Business Forms
• Gilded Age of Big Business and Wealth
• Political Corruption
• Strikes and Labor Unions
 US Approaches to Native Americans
• Reservations – forced movement of Native
Americans off their land and on to land set up
by the government – usually the worst land
that wouldn’t grow or produce food
• Death – if Native Americans didn’t comply
with what the US govt expected, they would
kill the buffalo to force NA’s to do what they
wanted OR just kill the people
• Americanization – the only way for NA’s to be
treated somewhat well by the US govt was to
abandon their own culture & assimilate to
white American culture
 Treatment of Native Americans
• The US government wanted to control Indian
movement and action, by requiring tribes to live on
reservations.
• Tribes were given some of the worst, most
undesirable land.
• During the late 1800’s, small battles resulted in the
deaths of many Indians and US Army soldiers.
• The government wanted Indians to assimilate to a
lifestyle similar to whites (Caucasians).
Land issues

• Homestead Act
• Gave away free land; 160 acres (west of Miss. River) If
the citizen agrees to “improve” (farm) the land.
• Ex-Confederates not eligible 
• Dawes Act
• Split up Indian reservations so individual
Indians could own land. The extra land was
sold, and it resulted in Native Americans losing
much of their land.
What was the Trail of Tears?

Treatment of Native
Americans
Plains Indians
As settlers moved
west, Indian lands
became overrun with
farms and towns.
Bison herds were
depleted and Indian
populations were
forced onto
reservations.
 Name three observations about this picture.

MANIFEST DESTINY
What would
encourage people
to move West?
What challenges
did they face?

Manifest Destiny
was the concept that the
United States was
destined to extend from
“sea to shining sea.”
 Who Moved West?
Three main groups
traveled westward
after the Civil War:

1. White Americans
from the East.
2. African Americans
from the South
3. Immigrants from
foreign countries.

What were their

reasons for
moving?
 Farmers
• New inventions made
farming easier, but
farmers started to
produce more than
they could sell, and
began going into debt.

• Supplies were
expensive, and the
environment also posed
problems for farmers.
Ranching
• With an increasing
demand for beef, cattle
ranching grew rapidly,
spreading across the
Great Plains.
• Cowboys would “drive”
cattle to cities with train
depots, and would load
cattle onto trains going
east.

• In 1866 a steer that could

bring about $4 in Texas
could be sold for $40 or more
in eastern markets.
Mining
• Dangerous, and very few
people became rich.
• Almost all miners were men,
but they were from many
different backgrounds.
• Some mining towns evolved
into large cities.

Some common
minerals and metals
that were mined:
copper, zinc, quartz,
gold, silver, coal
 The 2nd Industrial Revolution
1865-1905
Steel and the
Bessemer A Bessemer
man named Henry
found a way to
Process remove impurities from
iron ore, and created a
cheaper process for
making steel.
Iron becomes liquid at 2800 degrees!
Steel is stronger than iron,
and less likely to rust.
Big steel towns were Cleveland,
Ohio and Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
American Business
• Free Enterprise: similar idea as Laissez-
Fair… Hands-off government!
• Businesses compete for a profit.
• Entrepreneur: someone that creates,
manages, and takes on the risk of a new
business
 The Railroads
• RR companies advertised to
encourage settlement along
their rail routes.
• Industries/Factories began
relying on trains to move their
heavy freight.

• Telegraph lines followed

next to railroads.
• Samuel Morse invented the
telegraph in 1837.

Western Union was the largest

company that sent telegraph
messages.
 Transcontinental RR
• Completed in 1869
• Crossing the country:
• Up to 6 months by horse
• 6 days by train

• “Trans” means across

• Railroads brought many

new jobs; construction,
factory work. They
helped towns grow.
• Most new towns in the late
1800’s were built near water
and railroads
• Urbanization : Movement of people
from rural areas (farms) to cities (factory
work).
Life as an Immigrant
 Immigrants in the
late 19th Century
• Nativists: Citizens that did not want immigrants
moving to America
• It was based on competition for jobs and housing.
Who would work cheaper? And work the least desirable jobs?

• The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) stopped

Chinese workers from coming to America
• Immigrants were encouraged to assimilate to
American culture. Schools were the main focus
in assimilating immigrant children.
 Immigrant treatment
• Ports of entry: Physical exams, interrogation,
language and intelligence testing
• Language and cultural barriers
• Some were detained, separated from family, or
deported before they could enter the country
Urban Living Conditions
• Factory owners
rushed to build
housing
• Several people in very
small spaces
• Poor sanitation
• High disease rates
• Crime
Working Conditions and Wages
• Common working day: 12 –
14 hours
• One short break for lunch
• Work week: 6 days per
week
• 80 degree heat
• Workers were beaten if
they did not perform well.
• Hot, polluted factory air.
• Workers risked losing
limbs from the machines.
• Low wages.
Gilded: to have a showy appearance that conceals
something of little worth; covered thinly with
gold leaf or paint
The Gilded Age was a period in the U.S. from
about 1870 to 1914 (WW1), which was marked
by the growth of industry and wealth.
Effects of the Gilded Age: Industries became
more productive and were controlled by a
few elite (rich) individuals.
Political corruption was widespread and the
working class had very few rights.
Political Machines & Immigrants
• Machine politicians met immigrants as
soon as they arrived and helped them get
settled.
• Tammany Hall—political club that gained
power in NYC, sent workers to Ellis Island
to meet immigrants, helped them find
housing and jobs, become citizens and
naturalized citizens.
• Who would they vote for? Jobs for votes
• Corruption was widespread, many
practiced graft—getting money or power
through dishonest or illegal methods
 Political Machines
• Political Machine: a group that controls the
activities of a political party
• What are positives and negatives of this?
• Why is corruption in politics a bad thing?

• Political bosses ran the “machines”

• They bribed politicians (mayors,
governors, representatives, senators,
Presidents) in order to get laws passed
that benefitted themselves
 Political Machines
Boss Tweed
• William Tweed was the “boss” of a
political machine called Tammany
Hall in New York City.
• Between 1865-1871, Boss Tweed’s
group collected millions in bribes
and kickbacks
• Muckrakers (journalists)
exposed the corruption
 Gilded America / Real America
• Fold white paper in half.
• Label left side: Gilded America
• Label right side: Real America

• On left side DRAW what people around the

world THOUGHT America was like
• On right side DRAW what immigrants really
saw when they got to the US
 NO BELL RINGER TODAY!
Directions for making foldable
• Pick up 1 page of pictures & 2 of the page with
words/questions
• Fold 2 pages (with questions) in half hotdog style so that
WORDS FACE INSIDE & outside is blank
• Cut the six pictures out & glue one on to each section of
foldable where it says “PICTURE”- the actual picture will
cover the word.

Titles for Foldable Sections

• Electric Power Pullman Streetcar
• Bessemer Steel Process Telephone
• Petroleum-based products Telegraph
 Assignment Directions
• For each section, you go to the picture of that
invention around the room.
• Write the title on the OUTSIDE of the section
where you glued that picture.
• Using the information provided, answer the
questions in the correct section of the foldable.
• When you are finished, work on Gilded America vs.
Real America drawing.
 Tycoons: Positive or Negative Influence?

• Tycoon: a wealthy business person with a large

amount of power.

• Positive view: The term “Captains of Industry”

views these men as creative and industrious
leaders who transformed the American economy
with their business skills.

• Negative view: “Robber Barons” describes

powerful industrialists accused of exploiting
workers and the environment, and forcing
horrible working conditions.
 Laissez-Faire
• The idea that government should not
interfere with business.
• Anti-regulation
 Thomas Edison

• Great American inventor who

made electricity usable, and
created light bulbs and
phonographs (record players).

• The invention of the light

bulb changed the living
standard of the world.
• Longer work day
• Need more workers? …
Bring on the immigrants!
Lots of Europeans seeking a
better life.
• Andrew Carnegie helped build the American steel industry. It
turned a poor young man into one of the richest entrepreneurs
of his age.
• Carnegie's steel workers were often pushed to long hours and
low wages. In the Homestead Strike of 1892, Carnegie locked
out workers and hired thugs to intimidate strikers. Many were
killed in the conflict, and it was an episode that would forever
hurt Carnegie's reputation and haunt the man .
• Gave millions of dollars to charity and built libraries across the country.
• Andrew Carnegie (Mr. steel) wrote a book in
1889 called, “The Gospel of Wealth”
• He said that rich men should use their money
for the good of the public.
 Rockefeller and Standard Oil
J.D. Rockefeller
• John D. Rockefeller was an American
industrialist
• Played a prominent role in the early oil
industry with the founding of Standard
Oil (Exxon Mobil is the largest of its
descendants).
• Over a 40 year period, he built Standard
Oil into the largest company in the world.
• For a time, he was the richest man in the
world. In 1910, Rockefeller's net worth
was equal to nearly 2.5% of the whole US
economy, the equivalent of nearly $310
billion today.
 Monopoly Stopped•
Standard Oil was broken up in
1911 by the Supreme Court. Under
the “Sherman Anti Trust Act”
Rockefeller Center in New York City
Rockefeller was accused
of monopolistic practices
• Rockefeller is cited by
numerous history books
as one of the most
infamous robber barons of
the late 19th Century.
• He spent his last forty
years focused on
philanthropic pursuits,
primarily related to
education and public
health, eventually giving
away about half of his
wealth.
A Law to ban monopolies
• In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act
outlawed trusts and monopolies that
restrict trade. Law was vague, and difficult
to enforce.

• Trusts are a group of businesses that

join together to control the market.
They function like a monopoly.
Child Labor
• Lower wages than
adults.
• Began at age 5.
• Many injured
seriously .
 The end of Child Labor
• Some states made laws to stop child labor.
• In 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act set the
following rules:
• Minimum age of 16 during school hours
• Minimum age of 14 for some jobs after school
 Labor Unions
• Labor Unions • Famous Unions:
worked for: • Knights of Labor
• 8-hour day • Anyone could join
• Fair pay • American Federation of
• Safe working Labor (AFL)
conditions • Only Skilled workers
could join
• No child labor
 The Major Strikes
• The Homestead Strike - 1892 at
Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead,
Pennsylvania
• Workers went on strike to protest a wage cut.
• A violent clash between strikers and the guards
resulted in several deaths.

• Haymarket Riot 1886 in Chicago’s

Haymarket Square
• Workers strike, pushing for an 8-hour workday
• Anarchists set off a bomb, and kill and injured several
 The Major Strikes
• Anarchists- people who oppose all forms
of government, and take radical actions
• Scab – a worker who crosses a picket
line during a strike and goes to work
anyway
 Women working in the Gilded Age
• Many were young and unmarried
• Many worked in textile (cloth, fabric) factories
• Wages $ were usually lower than men’s
 Henry Ford
and the Assembly Line
• Ford revolutionized
manufacturing.
• By 1914, Ford’s Michigan plant
could make a complete car every
93 minutes.
• This was a huge improvement over
the earlier production time of 728
minutes.
• Using a constantly-moving
assembly line, division of
labor, and careful
coordination of operations,
Ford realized huge gains in
productivity.
As we move out of the Gilded Age,
what is an “era?”
• Era: a period of time defined by events
• Does not have to be a specific date
• Examples: The Gilded Age was about 1870-1910
• The World War II era for America was 1941-1945
• The Vietnam era was about 1964-1975
Remember, what is capitalism?
1. Socialism - Economic system in which
the government or the workers own
most of the factories, utilities, and
transportation and communications
systems.
2. Communism - Political theory that
proposes that all people should
collectively own property and the
means of production and that
individual ownership should not be
allowed.
 The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects Social Effects
• New inventions and • Long hours worked
development of by children in
factories factories
• Rapidly growing • Increase in Political Effects
industry in the 1800s population of cities
• Poor city planning • Child labor laws to
• Increased production
and higher demand • Loss of family end abuses
for raw materials stability • Reformers urging
• Growth of worldwide • Expansion of middle equal distribution
trade class of wealth
• Harsh conditions for (i.e. Karl Marx)
• Population explosion laborers
and a large labor • Trade unions
force • Workers’ progress
vs. laissez-faire • Social reform
• Exploitation of economic attitudes movements, such
mineral resources • Improved standard as socialism, and
• Highly developed of living Marxism
banking and • Creation of new jobs • Reform bills.
investment system • Encouragement of
• Advances in technological
transportation, progress
agriculture, and
communication
What is this cartoon saying?
What is this cartoon saying?
What is this cartoon saying?