4.

5
Integration by Substitution

Antidifferentiation of a Composite Function

Let f and g be functions such that f og and g’ are

continuous on an interval I. If F is an antiderivative
of f on I, then
Inside

∫f ( g ( x )) g ' ( x ) dx = F ( g ( x )) + C
Derivative
Outside
of Inside
 2
Evaluate ∫ (x 2
+ 1) (2x )dx Let u = x2 + 1
du = 2x dx
du du
∫ (u) (2x ) 2x
2
= dx
2x
€ 3
3 2
u ( x + 1)
= +C = +C
3 3
Evaluate
∫5 cos 5 x dx Let u = 5x
du = 5 dx
du du
=€∫5 cos u = dx
5 5
= sinu + C = sin5x + C
 Multiplying and dividing by a constant

2
∫ x( x 2
+ 1) dx Let u = x2 + 1
du = 2x dx
3
3 2 du
du u ( x + 1)
= ∫ x()
2
u = +C = = dx
+C 2x
2x 6 6

du 1 2 du Let u = 2x - 1
∫ 2x −1dx = ∫ u = ∫u
2 2 du = 2dx
€ du
1 2u 3 2 (2x −1)
32 = dx
= +C = +C 2
2 3 3
Substitution and the General Power Rule
What would you let u = in the following examples?

4
∫3(3x −1) dx u = 3x - 1

∫(2 x +1)(x + x )dx

2
u = x2 + x
2 3
∫3x x −2 dx u = x3 - 2

−4 x u = 1 – 2x2
∫1 −2 x 2 dx
( )
2
u = cos x
∫cos x sin x dx
 A differential equation, a point, and slope field are given. Sketch
the solution of the equation that passes through the given point.
Use integration to find the particular solution of the differential
equation. dy 2 3 2
= x (x −1) (1,0)
dx
2 u = x 3 −1
∫ x 2 ( x 3 −1) dx
du = 3x 2 dx
du du
∫ x (u)
2 2
€ = dx
3x 2
2
3x QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
3 3
2
u du u ( x −1)
3

∫ 3
= +C =
9€ 9
+C

13 −1
0= +C 3 3
9 ( x −1)
y=
C =0 9 Day 1 stop (1-41 odd)
 2 3
∫x sin x dx u = x3
du = 3x2 dx
= ∫x sin u du
2 du
2
= dx
3x 2 3x
1 1
= ∫sin u du = (−cosu ) + C
3 3
1 3
=− cosx + C
3
 2
∫sin 3x cos 3x dx Let u = sin 3x
du = 3cos 3x dx
rewritten as
du
= dx
∫ (sin 3x )
2
cos 3x dx 3cos3x
1 2
= ∫u cos 3 x
2
du = ∫u du
3
3 cos 3 x

u3 3
sin 3x
= +C = +C
9 9

Day 2 stop (43-56 all, 57-61 odd)

 Let u = 2x - 1
∫x 2x −1dx du = 2dx
u + 1 = 2x
u +1
du =x
⎛ u +1 ⎞ u du = dx 2
= ∫⎜ ⎟ 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

1 1 2u
⎛ 52 32
2u ⎞
=
4
∫ 32 12
( u + u )du = ⎜⎜
4⎝ 5
+
3 ⎠
⎟⎟ + C

=
(
2 x − 1)
52
+
(
2 x − 1)
32
+C
10 6
Evaluate u = x2 + 1 du
du = 2x dx
=dx
1 2x
2 3
∫x(x
0
+1) dx
Note that there are no upper and lower
du limits of integration.
= ∫x(u ) 3

2x We must determine new upper and

lower limits by substituting the old
2 ones in for x in u = x2 + 1
u ⎤ 4
= ⎥ Or, we could use the old limits if we
8⎦ substitute x2 + 1 back in.
1
2 4 1
⎤
16 1 15 ( x + 1) ⎥ 16 1 15
= − = = = − =
8 8 8 8 ⎥ 8 8 8
⎦0
 5
x u = 2 x−1
Area = ∫ dx u = 2 x−1
2
1 2x −1 x=
u +1
2

2u du = 2 dx 2
u 2 +1 (
udu )
u du = dx
=∫
2u What limits are
3 we going to use?
1 ⎛u ⎞⎤ 3
1
2
2
( )
= ∫ u + 1 du = ⎜⎜ + u ⎟⎟⎥
2⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 1
1 ⎡⎛ 27 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ 16
= ⎢⎜ + 3 ⎟ −⎜ +1⎟⎥ =
2 ⎣⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦ 3
See area comparisons when using different upper and lower
limits. Page 302
Integration of Even and Odd Functions
If f is an even function, then
2
a a Ex.
∫x dx3
= 0
∫f ( x)dx = 2∫f ( x)dx
−a 0 −2
Odd or Even?
If f is an odd function, then

∫f ( x)dx = 0
−a