Cyclic Short-Time Varying Channel

Estimation in
OFDM Power-Line Communication

Gopu.T.A
Rollno:18
S7 CSE
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• OFDM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• PROPOSED NONLINEAR DECISION-DIRECTED
ESTIMATION APPROACH
• LINEAR PILOT AIDED METHOD
• OFDM TRANSMISSION OVER A TIME VARYING
CHANNEL
• CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
• POWER-LINE communications (PLC) is the one of the
most promising technologies to provide competitive
techniques for numerous in home communication
applications, such as fast Internet access, home
automation, and telephone service..
• The widely varying unstable channel characteristics
of a home power-line network that results from the
direct coupling of the home appliances to the
network.
• The time-varying behavior of indoor power-line
channels is substantially produced by two causes.
• The first one is the connection and disconnection of
electrical devices at the sockets ,long term veriation.
• The other one is related to the nonlinear behavior of
some electrical devices with respect to the mains
voltage, short-time variation.
• An orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM)-based system has been make considerable
interest in PLC & wireless communication.
• Its main advantages in high-bit-rate transmissions
over
frequency-selective and time-variant channels.
• Loss of the orthogonality between the subchannels is
a great problem for OFDM.
• A blind, decision-directed estimation procedure is
desired to continuously follow the channel
alterations. A number of decision-directed estimation
techniques have been proposed for wireless OFDM
• In this paper, we propose an adaptive estimation-
equalization method and the focus is put on tracking
the short-time variation of the channel.
• Nonlinear behavior at high frequencies is not
commonly considered, although a high power
amplifier can introduce amplitude and phase-
dependent non linearities.
• Therefore, we have included the presence of high-
frequency nonlinearities, developing a method for
nonlinear equalization.
 OFDM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
• OFDM is a multicarrier communication system where
the modulation and the demodulation are
implemented by using the inverse fast Fourier
transform (IFFT) and the FFT, respectively.
• The input data stream is divided into many symbols
drawnfrom a quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM) constellation and placed in the frequency
domain on a number of orthogonal subcarriers.
• The array of subchannel symbols is transformed into
a baseband time-domain signal by an IFFT operation.
The signal is extended cyclically to form an OFDM
frame.
• This cyclic extension is called the “cyclic prefix” and
is inserted by the transmitter in order to remove the
intersymbol interference(ISI) and interchannel
interference (ICI) that would otherwise cause
degradation of system performance.
• The received signal is obtained by a convolution of
the transmitted signal.The number of subcarriers is
designed in order so that each subchannel will have a
narrow bandwidth, and we can approximately say
that the fading on each subchannel is flat.
• In PLC, this hypothesis is critical because of the
strong fading characteristics of the channel.
• This problem, together with the loss of
orthogonality caused by imperfect frequency
synchronization and by time-variations in the
channel, is the main reason for investigating better
estimation and equalization methods for OFDM..
 PROPOSED NONLINEAR DECISION-
DIRECTED
ESTIMATION APPROACH
• The transmitted data symbols on each subcarrier
are received with a scaling of amplitude and a phase
rotation given by the channel.
• After the FFT in the receiver, we have,Rn=SnHn+Dn.
Rn=received value at the nth subchannel.
Hn=channel complex gain at the frequency of the
nth subcarrier.
Dn=complex additive noise produced by a mixture
of Gaussian and impulsive noise.
Sn= transmitted symbol at subcarrier.
• Under this hypothesis, after several OFDM frames
are transmitted.
• Considering a stationary channel, the received values
at a fixed subcarrier are disposed in the complex
plane in four clusters ideally centered.
• We propose independently tracking these four clusters
presenting the received Symbol Rn to a competitive
neural network with four neurons.
• Thus, for each subcarrier, we have a distinct
competitive network with four neurons.
• When the symbol Rn is presented to the network, the
neuron with the minimum Euclidean distance from Rn
is selected.
• From this nonlinearities and disturbances can be
calculated
• In this manner, the equalization decision task is
completed.
LINEAR PILOT AIDED METHOD
• Consider the topology of PLC n/w of non linear devices.
• Every link is a transmission line of length di represented by 2X2 ABCD matrices.

• We can derive the transfer function from TX to RX using ABCD matrices and
considering time-variant loads.
• Additive noise is the receiver is a mixture of background Gaussian noise and impulsive
noise.
• By this formula based calculations give the channel variation results

•
OFDM TRANSMISSION OVER A TIME
VARYING CHANNEL
• Figure shows the corresponding range of variation
of the channel frequency response from the
transmitter TX to the receiver RX.
• We consider that the channel is stationary during
the transmission of a single OFDM frame, and that it
changes in a continuous fashion between two
successive frames.
• For each OFDM frame, a new channel response is
generated. After a complete period of 50 Hz, the
channel frequency response has changed within a
family of curves that covers the whole strip between
the higher and the lower envelopes
• The performances of the NDDE and the linear
method are similar for low signal-to-noise ratios
(SNRs), while for an SNR greater than 10 dB, NDDE
out performs the linear method with BER results that
are better of an order of magnitude.
• This is probably due to the fact that at low SNR, the
error is dominated by the Gaussian-impulsive noise,
whereas for higher SNR, bit errors are caused by the
channel cyclic variation
• Thus, we observe that the NDDE can track the cyclic
short-time variation of the channel with better BER
than the standard pilot-aided method.
 CONCLUSION
• In this paper, a new adaptive identification method
has been proposed for blind power-line channel
estimation and equalization for OFDM transmission
systems.
• The salient feature of the proposed method is to
enable accurate estimation and tracking of the
channel frequency response in the presence of
nonlinearities and periodically time-variant power-
line channels
• IT show that the proposed non linear method
provides better BER results than the linear pilot-
aided method.
 REFERENCES
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frequency-division multiplexing using the discrete Fourier
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pp. 628–634, Oct. 1971.
• M. Zimmermann and K. Dostert, “A multipath model for the
powerline channel,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 4, pp.
553–559, Apr. 2002.
• L. J. Cimini, Jr., “Analysis and simulation of a digital mobile
channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,”
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COMM-33, no. 7, pp. 665–675, Jul.
1985.