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Lecture 12
Lecture 12
Lecture 12
4 EXACT
EQUATIONS
We know how to solve DEs of the form
dy (1)
f (x)
dx
and
dy f (x)
(2)
dx g(y)
Let us now consider
dy f (x, y) (3)
dx g(x, y)
Equation (3) can also be written as
dy
g(x, y) f (x, y) (4)
or dx
dy
M(x, y) N(x, y) 0 (5)
or dx
M(x, y)dx N(x, y)dy 0 (6)
How do we find the solution?
Recall from calculus, that if
z f (x, y)
then
dz f f dy
dx x y dx
f f
dz dx dy
x y
dz
We know that if 0
dx
or dz 0
z f (x, y) c (a constant)
then
So, if there exists a function f such that
f
M(x, y)
x
and f
N(x, y)
y
dz
Then equation (5) can be written as 0
dx
Solve
dy
x 2xe y 6x
x 2
dx
Solution There exists a function
dy f (x, y) such that
x 2xe x y 6x 2 f
dx M(x, y) y 2xe x 6x 2
x
x 2
y 2xe 6x dx xdy 0
f
and N(x, y) x
Let M(x, y) y 2xe x 6x 2 y
Let us integrate the first of
and N(x, y) x these equations
M N f dx y 2xe x 6x 2 dx
1, 1 x
y x
f (x, y) xy 2x 2xe 2e
3 x x
M N The DE is exact.
h(y)
y x
f xy 2x 3 2xe x 2e x C,
Then x h(y)
y C c c1
But f N(x, y) x,
Note
f
y We may also start with N(x, y)
y
h(x, y) 0 f
i.e x
y
h(y) c1, a constan t Then
f
dy x dy
y
f (x, y) xy 2x 2xe
3 x
f (x, y) xy h(x)
2e c1
x
f
y h(x)
A solution of the DE is x
and so on.
f (x, y) c
xy 2x 2xe 2e c1 c
3 x x
Example 2
x y
2
dx 2xy x 2
1dy 0, y(1) 1
Solution
LetM(x, y) x y x 2 2xy y 2
2
andN(x, y) 2xy x 1
2
M N
2 x y , 2 x y
y x
M N
y x
The DE is exact.
There exists a function f (x, y) such that
f
M x, y x 2 2 xy y 2
x
f
N x, y 2 xy x 2 1
y
f x3
x dx x2
2 xy y
2
dx
3
x 2 y xy 2 y c1 c
x3 x3
f ( x, y ) x 2 y xy 2 h( y ) x 2 y xy 2 y C , C c c1
3 3
f
x 2 2 xy h( y ) The initial condition y (1) 1 gives
y
1 4
f 1 1 1 c, c
But N ( x, y ) 2 xy x 2 1 3 3
y
h( y ) 1 The solution of the IVP is
h( y ) y c x3 4
x y xy y
2 2
x3 3 3
f ( x, y ) x 2 y xy 2 y c1
3
A solution of the DE is
f ( x, y ) c
INTEGRATING FACTOR
(y) e
dy
M
Example 3
Solve
6xydx 4 y 9x 2 dy 0
Solution
M N
6x, 18x
y x
M N
y x (except when x = 0)
The DE is not exact.
My Nx 6x 18x 12x
2
N 4 y 9x 4 y 9x 2
An integrating factor is
2
dy
ln y 2
e y
e 2 ln y
e y2
6xy 3 dx (4 y 3 9x 2 y 2 )dy 0 is exact. (Please verify!)
P(x,
Let y) 6xy 3
and Q(x, y) 4 y 3
9x 2 2
y
f (x, y) 3x 2 y 3 h(y)
f
9x 2 y 2 h(y)
y
But f
Q(x, y) 4 y 3 9x 2 y 2
y
h(y) 4 y 3
h(y) y 4 c1
f (x, y) 3x y y c1
2 3 4
A solution of the DE is
f (x, y) c
3x 2 y 3 y 4 c1 c
3x 2 y 3 y 4 C, C c c1