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Aircraft Electrical Dan Electronics Xi 4
Aircraft Electrical Dan Electronics Xi 4
By
Ir. Agus Subagja, MT
Longitudinal Stability of Rigid Aircraft
NP
NLG MLG
Aircraft Load (FAR….)
• 1. Pressurize Load on Fuselage : Static & GAG
• 2. Flight Load : V-n Diagram (Maneuver, gust) & Vflutt
• 3. Dynamic Inertia & aero-elastic Load : Design & V flutt
• 4. Landing Load : To reduce the Landing load factor
• 5. Bird Impact Load : 1. to Protect the pilot-copilot on cockpit
from splinter glass of the wind shield & it’s support structure
of collisions with the birds. 2. to Protect other frontal area
from catastrophic failure. (Fuselage nose, Leading edge of the
wing, Jet engine)
• 6. Crushing Load : to protect passenger of the danger of
structural damage.
V-n Envelope Diagram (G factor)
Pressurize on fuselage
Load Factor : Maneuver &V .Gust
24000 V .C
n m 2 .1 ; MTOW dalam lbs n 1
g L
10000 MTOW g
498 . MTOW
S
.K g
FAR 25
V flutter 1.15 V d.
The amplitude is a function of altitude, stiffness and sweptback wing, increase these variable, reducing
amplitudo ,so 1g mean stress level (allowable) fatigue increase.
R80 :
Ultimate : 4.5 g
Limit : 3 g
Cruise : 1 g
No Load : 0 g
Ground : ‘-1 g’
Pressurize on
fuselage
Failure Mode on Civil Passenger Aircraft
Mengapa & Bagaima terjadinya
Wing : Anti symmetry bending modus -2. Tail Massa & dynamic
load too big with twist stiffness too small.
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ∶ 𝑛 = ඨ ; 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∶ 𝑛 = ඨ ; 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∶ 𝑛 = ඨ
𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝐽𝑚
This unswept wing is not stabile yang sangat kedepan (CG < AC)
1
gangguan
FAR 25
V flutter 1.15 V d.
Amplitudo Fungsi ketinggian, kekakuan & sweptback wing, makin tinggi besaran 2 ini, makin berkurang
amplitudo sehingga 1g mean stress level (allowable) fatigue makin tinggi.
h e lic
b lad e Depend-on (RS & RS)
in
Disa
Divergent
Pitch-down
Pitch-up pasti tidak
berpeluang divergent
CG divergent
LE part AC TE part
TE
LE FS AC RS
Airfoil span 3D
Airfoil 2D
𝑑2 𝑑𝑇𝑦
𝐺.𝐽𝑦 . 2 = = ሺ𝑒.𝑐 +𝑦.𝑡𝑎𝑛ሻ. ሺ𝑝.𝑐ሻ
Maneuver, gust & dynamic load 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 2 𝑞.𝑐𝐿𝛼 .𝑐.ሺ𝑒.𝑐+𝑦.𝑡𝑎𝑛 ሻ
membesar bila dongak. 𝑑𝑦 2 + . = 0 ; = ට 𝐺.𝐽
Pitch-down
Pitch-up pasti tidak
berpeluang divergent
divergent
How to get Dynamically stable by flexible
wing & lightest structure?
CG
LE part
AC TE part
TE
LE FS AC RS
Ketidak-stabilan static dari Aeroelastic struktur yang terdeformasi oleh beban aerodynamic.
𝐺
𝑣𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = .ඨ
𝑏1 2. 𝑢 . 𝑐 . 𝑐𝑡 . ሺ𝑒. 𝑐𝑡 . 𝐾𝑒 + 𝑏1 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛. 𝐾 ሻ
𝐿
Maneuver, gust load factor membesar bila dongak. Bila tukik tak ada peluang divergent
Grafik-grafik Getaran Mekanik, titik massa
Over damp (tak bergetar pada getaran bebas)
d 2. . f d n . 1 2 n
terbang harga k
damping masih dalam
katagori underdamp. m
Force Vibration (Getaran Paksa)
? How Force Natural Frequency ? How
Redaman gesekan Struktur Pegas menyerap Gangguan
massa 𝑑2 aero-statik cdamp. 𝑑 sebagai Ep dan merubah jadi Ek getaran
ሺ𝑀 + 𝑑𝑚ሻ. + ൫𝑐𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝 + . 𝑣. 𝑐𝐿𝛼 . 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑐൯. + ൫𝑘
𝑉
+ 𝑞. 𝑐𝐿𝛼 . 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑐൯. = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 Gangguan
Dihambat, =redaman
Resp aero :𝑑𝑚 . 𝐴. 𝑑𝑦 Resp gaya aero : Gangguan = Gaya pegas
inertia massa
Respon Aero melawan gangguan & meredamnya, atau sebaliknya menambah
gangguan & mengurangi redaman, bisa menjadi zero bakan negatif damping Berarti
salah disain. Cara mendapatkan respon aero yang melawan & meredam gangguan yaitu…
1. Dengan Swept-back secukupnya sehingga distribusi torsi menjadi tukik (negatif), ketika
banding-up.
2. Dengan mengatur arah serat struktur (komposit) menjadi tukik ketika bending-up,
sehingga mengalahkan besarnya dongakan oleh torsi. Hal ini menyebabkan struktur
komposit tidak bisa dibuat balanc simetri dengan matrik [B] = 0.
3. Natural frequency n = ((k+q)/m ) Berarti n meningkat dengan semakin besar
kecepatan bila sayap berprilaku tukik ketika bending-up.
Bending identik gaya
Kurva cL, cL, cLmax vs Alfa
Jenis Airfoil MALE : NFL 10215 Swept-back Slope , cLmax ,
stabilitas aero-elastis
Dimanakah daerah Optimumnya? Camber Slope , cLmax , CP ketengah
(t/c) Slope , cLmax ,
Which one?
Best airfoil
2D
(t/c) = 0.12
Root
Dengan ketiga modus getarnya, selalu diredamnya dan bahkan meningkat sebanding
dengan peningkatan kekuatannya, maka diharapkan tidak akan ada kopel antara
ketiganya, alias tidak akan terjadi flutter.
Forced Vibration (Getaran Paksa)
𝒅𝟐 𝒅
ሺ𝐽𝑀 + 𝑑𝐽𝑚 ሻ. 𝟐 + ൫𝑐𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑝 . 𝑐 − . 𝑣. 𝑐𝐿𝛼 . 𝑐 2 . ሾ𝑒. 𝑐 + 𝑦. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ሿ. 𝑑𝑦൯.
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑇
+ ൫𝑘 Gangguan
. −𝑞. 𝑐𝐿𝛼 . 𝑐. ሾ𝑒. 𝑐 + 𝑦. 𝑡𝑎𝑛ሿ൯. = 𝐺𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑇 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 𝑒. 𝑑𝐹
Pada Getaran twist ini ada hal yang apabila CG massa didepan RC, maka Inertia massanya
meredam gangguan; dan bila CG dibelang RC maka inertia massanya justru menguatkan
gangguan. Hal CG yang didepan dari RC ini, bisa terjadi bila penempatan FS & RS nya benar.
Untuk memastikan dampingnya bertambah dengan kecepatan, maka sudut swept-back harus
cukup untuk persamaan Torsi nya harus menghasilkan tukik.
Torqu Vibration
Dengan ketiga modus getarnya, selalu diredamnya dan bahkan meningkat sebanding
dengan peningkatan kekuatannya, maka diharapkan tidak akan ada kopel antara
ketiganya, alias tidak akan terjadi flutter.
Grafik Ratio Natural Frequency Torsi/Bending
VS Speed U : VcVdVf
Divergent
Main Landing Gear Load Factor
4. cr = 0.3 x E.
(t/R) = Sy Su
L (plastis stress)
Light For
Structure Bumper
Energy
Absorp
S cu buckling , rippling
(1) global buckling, (2) local buckling, (3) fracture, and (4) progressive crushing [20].
Leading Edge Design
• Absorb Bird Impact Energy to safe the Wing Box
Structure. 4. = 0.3 x E. (t/R) = S Su (plastis
cr y
stress)
Tebal LE cukup
t = 0.8 mm
Tebal rib cukup t = 0.8 mm
kecuali butuh
kecuali ada rivet contersunk,
rivet contersunk,
namun jarak antar rib lebih
maka t = 1,4 mm
rapat dari rib di wingbox.
How it works: Bullets made from tough (hard and ductile) very high speed (> 3M) plow Ceramics (very
loud, powerful and high melting point for cutting tool) because it does not melt no effect of
broadening the plug area (beveling effect) Shear kwadratic enlarged diameter area that is
significantly enlarged, if there is any melting inhibitory power has been greatly improved. And because
Capacity, thermal conductivity and density of the large copper temperature adiabatic local
plummeted, it likely does not melt areas of the sliding plug that area is enlarged dramatically
prisoners style of sliding will greatly enlarged the copper material is, and proceed to the material steel-
strong highly great as long as the temperature is well below its melting point. Such conditions for
thermal energy has been absorbed by the copper, so will not penetrate, though not as thick as when a
single material.
High termal resistant, hard & toughness at edge cutting metal is the
inserted Cutting tools.
•Alloyed Steels : HSS (low speed)
•Carbide & Ceramic Cutting tools.
Sintering from powder hard phase + Matriks Metal High Melting Temp.
On body protector, Steel layer could be change to Composite Fiber
layer high spesific strenght, on the condition that the temperature is
low enough and the rest of the mechanical load of the bullet is enough
to spread. The hope is a weight saving of Armor.
Ceramic metal
(CerMet),
Carbida
HSS cutter