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EE212 Passive AC Circuits: Lecture Notes 4 Per Unit System
EE212 Passive AC Circuits: Lecture Notes 4 Per Unit System
Lecture Notes 4
Per Unit System
1
Per Unit (p.u.) System
Computations related to power systems involving machines and
transformers are often carried out in p.u. system.
1. Choose base values for 2 quantities, VA and V. Other base quantities (i.e.
Ibase and Zbase) are determined from the chosen VAbase and Vbase.
2. Choose one VAbase for the entire system under study. Usually VAbase is the
rated VA of the transformer or generator in the system.
Ibase = Zbase = =
7. Obtain the actual values of the desired quantities using the equation:
Example: p.u. Method
A 50-kVA, 2400/240-V transformer has a leakage impedance of 1.0+j3.61 Ω
referred to HV side. Show that the p.u. values are the same on either side of the
transformer.
2400 V 0.3+j1.6 Ω
FL, 0.8 p.f. lagging
VAbase = 50,000 VA
Change of Base
Power equipment impedance ratings are usually given in p.u.
(expressed in %) based on their rated voltage and VA.
When chosen base values are different from the equipment rated
values, the rated impedance (in p.u.) of the equipment must be
converted to the chosen base values.
Example:
An 80-MVA, 220/75-kV transformer has a leakage
reactance of 3%. Calculate the p.u. reactance when 100
MVA and 72 kV are chosen as the base values.
Change of Base Example
T2 T1
50 kVA 20 kVA
3300/2400 V 2400/240 V
ZT2 = 0.01+j0.03 p.u. ZT1 = 0.01+j0.03 p.u.
10 kW, p.f.=1
232 V