Display Technologies

The Science of DigitalSeminar

Media

Flat Panel Displays

7May 2010 Metropolia University of Applied Sciences 1

 The Science of Digital Media
Comparison of display technologies
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_o
f_display_technology

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
Agenda
• Introduction
• FPD in general
• FED
• OLED
• PLED
• SED
• Conclusions

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
Flat Panel Displays
Volatile Static
• Pixels are periodically • Material with bistable
refreshed to retain their color states
state • No energy to maintain
• Refresh many times a image needed, only to
second change
• Otherwise image will • Slow refresh state
fade from the screen • Deployment in limited
• Plasma, LCD, OLED, applications
LED, ELD, SED and • Cholesteric displays,
FED-displays outdoor advertising,
e-book products

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
Field Emission Display
• Developed by Motorola and others during the 1990s

• Very similar to a CRT

• Utilizes an electron emitter which activates
phosphors on a screen
• In CRT an electron gun scatters the charged
particles
• Each FED pixel has its own corresponding
electron source

• At first conical electron emitters (known as a "Spindt

tip") – nowdays carbon nanotubes

• Electrons in a FED are not produced by heat

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
FED

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Flat Panel Digital Media
FED
Advantages
• More power efficient
than LCD
• Less weight that same
size LCD
• Fewer total components
and processes involved
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Disadvantages
• Erosion of the emitters
• Extremely high vacuum
required in order to operate
• Hard to manufacture
for commercial use
• Production difficulties
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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
FED
First models 2007
•19.2-inches.
•1,280 x 960 resolution
•brightness of 400cd/m2
•20,000:1 contrast ratio

•Sony’sField Emission
Technologies, whose
purpose was to develop
the displays closed it
doors in 2009.
•Reason mainly due to
difficulty in raising funds
for manufacturing.

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
Organic Light-emitting Diode
• Developed by Eastman-Kodak

• Two types: small molecule OLED and polymer

OLED

• A Layer of organic material is sandwiched between

two conductors (an anode and a cathode) which are
between seal and subsrate
• Electro-luminescent bright light is produced from
the organic material when current is applied to
the conductors

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Flat Panel Digital Media
OLED color
• Only pure colors expressed when an electric current
stimulates the relevant pixels

• Primary color matrix arranged in red, green, and blue

pixels, mounted directly to a printed circuit board

• Ambient light interference reduced with "micro-cavity”

structure -> improves overall color contrast

• Organic layer adjusted for each color for strongest light

• Colors purified with color filter without the need for

polarizer -> outstanding color purity.
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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
OLED

Source: http://www.oled-display.net/how-works-the-oled-technology

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How OLED is built
OLED production

VS.

LCD production

Source: http://www.oled-display.net/how-works-the-oled-technology
 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
PLED

Source: http://www.educypedia.be/electronics/pled.htm

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Different OLED technologies
• AM OLED = Active Matrix OLED device
• FOLED = Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
• OLED = Organic Light Emitting Diode/Device/Display
• PhOLED = Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
• PLED = Polymer Light Emitting Diode (CDT)
• PM OLED = Passive Matrix OLED device
• POLED = Polymer Organic Light Emitting Diode (CDT)
• RCOLED = Resonant Color Organic Light Emitting Diode
• SmOLED = Small Molecule Organic Light Emitting Diode (Kodak)
• SOLED = Stacked Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
• TOLED = Transparent Organic Light Emitting Diode (UDC)
 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
OLED
Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be printed onto • Lifespan (especially blue)
any suitable substrate • Color balance issues (due
with inkjet (PLED) lifespan issues)
• Flexible displays • Water damage
• Great artificial contrast • Outdoor performance
ratio and color potential • Power consumption
• No need for a backlight • Possible screen burn-in
• Great viewing angle
• Fast response times

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
OLED
• Samsung SDI exhibited a
40-inch OLED panel at
the FPD International 2008
• full HD resolution of 1920 x 1080
• contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1
• color gamut of 107% NTSC
• luminance of 200cd/m2 (peak
luminance of 600cd/m2)

• Samsung shows 3D Panels at

CES-2010.

• Sony shows 24.5-inch

prototype OLED 3D television
during the Consumer Electronics
Show in January 2010.

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
OLED

Source: DisplaySearch Q2,09 Quarterly OLED Shipment

and Forecast Report
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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
Surface-conduction Electron-emitter
Display
• Co-developed by Canon and Toshiba Corporation

• Very similar to a CRT

• Utilizes an electron emitter which activates
phosphors on a screen

• The electron emission element is made from few

nanometers thick electron emission film

• No electron beam deflector required

• Separate emitter for each color phosphor, 3/pixel
or 1/sub-pixel
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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
SED

Source: http://www.oled-display.info/what-means-sed-tv

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Flat Panel Digital Media
SED vs. FED
• The significant
differences between SED (a)
and FED (b) is in the electron
source plate and the drive
electronics

Source: http://www.oled-display.info/structure-and-manufacturing-of-an-sed-tv-and-fed-
tv-partii

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Flat Panel Digital Media
SED
Advantages Disadvantages
•The overall power •Potential screen burn-in
efficiency about ten •Mass production
times better than a LCD difficulties
of the same size
•Less complex than LCD
•Fast response time and
high contrast ratio
•Wide viewing angle
•advantages over the
FED in manufacturing
state

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
SED
Prototype 2006
• 1080p 55-inch models
• 450 nits of brightness
• 50,000:1 contrast ratio
• 1ms response time

•Mass production delayed

due to lawsuits between
Canon and Nano-
Proprietary Inc
concerning SED panel
patent license agreement

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 The Science of Displays
Flat Panel Digital Media
Future
• Some of the technologies have faded after the
prototype phase

• OLEDs are the most promising

• Flexible displays
• Printing technology

• Printed vs non printed

• Rigid vs flexible
• Inorganic vs organic,
• Cost of materials vs process

• New technologies still in development

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Flat Panel Digital Media
Future
Samsung Wave (Super-
AMOLED)

vs.

Nokia X6 (TFT LCD

capacitive touchscreen)

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Flat Panel Digital Media

Questions?

Thank you!

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