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2 Definiton of LLS
2 Definiton of LLS
- a theoretical background
LLS examples
Associating
Repeating
Reasoning deductively
Taking notes
Coining words
Usining a synonym
Self-evaluating
Using music
Asking for correction
Cooperating with peers
What are LLS?
specific actions, behaviours, steps or techniques
that learners use (often deliberately) to improve
their progress in development of their competence
in the target language. Strategies are tools for self-
directed participation in learning, necessary for
development of communicative competence
(Oxford, 1990)
they facilitate internalization, storage, recall or
application of information about language
procedures for autonomous participation in
learning
Features of LLS
4. facilitate learning
Features of LLS
TYPES OF LLS
(O’Malley&Chamot)
cognitive
metacognitive
social
affective
Cognitive LLS
mental steps or actions that are employed in
learning or problem solving, and that require
direct analysis, transformation or synthesis
(i.e. direct manipulation) of learning material
include processing language in the human
mind and constitute mental processes
directly concerned with obtaining, storage,
retrieval and use of information in order to
learn
Metacognitive strategies
involve planning of learning, setting of goals,
thinking about the learning process,
monitoring of performance and
comprehension, as well as evaluation of
results and the learning process,
contain the aspect of learners’ awareness of
their own strategy use, i.e. conscious control
and regulation of adequate strategy use in
various learning situations,
enable learners to analyse their own learning.
Social LLS
entail
– cooperation with other learners,
– asking for help
– asking questions (teacher, or speakers of the
L2).
Affective LLS
learners’ attempts to understand and gain
control over their feelings by using
– various relaxation techniques,
– self-encouragement, etc.
Learning strategies (Oxford, 1990)
1. Memory strategies
Direct strategies 2. Cognitive strategies
3. Compensation strat.
1. Metacognitive strat.
Indirect strategies 2. Affective strategies
3. Social strategies
SILL
Complete the questionnaire!
What strategies can be grouped together?
Classify them according to Oxford’s
classification.
What is your strategic profile?
– Calculate the average for each group
– individual profile