Gross Anatomy II

Jan. 17, 2007

Neck 2

1
Please select a team by choosing the statement
that best represents your amount of previous
general equine experience.
1. Team 1 – no
experience
2. Team 2 – some
experience
3. Team 3 – moderate
experience
0% 0% 0% 0%
4. Team 4 – extensive
experience

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Choose the statement that best describes
your previous veterinary equine experience.
1. No veterinary
experience.
2. Some veterinary
experience.
3. Moderate veterinary
experience. 0% 0% 0% 0%

4. Extensive veterinary

...

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0 of 5
Announcements
 Be careful to NOT cut the nuchal ligament while
doing the dissection of the neck, as the neck rope is
anchored into it. Only cut the nuchal ligament to
remove the head.
 If you have a large specimen this is especially
important. If you notice any evidence that the neck
rope is pulling loose, notify one of the instructors.
 To remove the head: use a large knife to cut the soft
tissue at the level indicated. Use a saw to cut
through the vertebral column. Don’t carve your
cadaver ID on its head as directed.
 Leave the head out until after the quiz today.

4
Objectives/Major Concepts
 Find boundaries of Viborg’s triangle.
 Vagosympathetic trunk: review
components and function.
 Understand the components of the
nuchal ligament.
 Discuss lymph drainage in the neck.
 Read the live horse sections and
practice on the pony.

5
Where is the wing of the atlas?

1. A?
2. B?
3. Or C?

0%

A? B? Or C?
 Where is the wing of the atlas?

33% 33% 33% 33%

A?

33% 33% 33% 33%

B?

33% 33% 33% 33%

Or C?

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140%

Team 1 – no... Team 2 – so... Team 3 – m o... Team 4 – ex... 8

 Identify this muscle.

25% 25% 25% 25%

1. Brachiocephalicus
2. Omohyoideus s s u s s
lic
u eu lic eu
id id
Sternocephalicus ph
a
y o
p ha yo
3. o c e
m
oh
o ce
r no
h
hi O rn e
ra
c
St
e St

Sternohyoideus
B
4.
 Which muscle could be hit with a
needle inserted here?

25% 25% 25% 25%

1. Omohyoideus
2. Serratus ventralis s lis s
u iu us
de ra n e

Splenius
i t e id
yo en pl o
3. oh us
v S
no
h y

O
m
r at e r
er St
4. Sternohyoideus S
 Which muscle could be hit with a needle
inserted here?

Omohyoideus 25% 25% 25% 25%

Serratus ventralis 25% 25% 25% 25%

Splenius 25% 25% 25% 25%

Sternohyoideus 25% 25% 25% 25%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Team 1 – no... Team 2 – so... Team 3 – mo... Team 4 – ex... 11

 Viborg’s Triangle
 Tendon of insertion of
sternomandibularis
 Caudal border of the
mandible
 Linguofacial vein
(branch of external
jugular)

12
 Review: Superficial
Muscles
Omotransversarius
Subclavius
Bifurcation of
external jugular
vein; location of
Viborg’s triangle.

Omohyoideus
Brachiocephalicus
Sternocephalicus
Cutaneous colli

Popesko I: 154
13
 Visceral Space of Neck
 Contains the viscera of
the neck.
 Bounded dorsally by the
longus colli.
 Bounded ventrally by
the neck muscles
originating on the
manubrium.
 Bounded laterally by the
brachiocephalicus,
sternocephalicus and
omohyoideus.
Popesko I: 166. Cross section at C4 14
 Accessory Nerve
 CN XI.
 Has a dorsal and a ventral branch.
 Ventral branch supplies only sternocephalicus – one of
the “cribbing” muscles. (Cribbing is a behavioral vice
involving flexion of the neck and sucking in of air.
Horse grabs a solid object with its incisors, flexes neck
and pulls back, and sucks in air.)
 Dorsal branch supplies omotransversarius,
brachiocephalicus and trapezius.
 Locate the dorsal branch cranial and dorsal to the
shoulder, dorsal to the omotransversarius.

15
 Dyce 18-37

Lymph Drainage of the Head

 Horse has small
multiple or clustered
nodes.
 Medial
retropharyngeal
receives a lot of the
lymph from the
head.
 Cranial deep cervical
is the terminal node
of the head.
16
 Dyce 18-37

Lymph Drainage of the Head

 Cranial, middle and
caudal deep cervical
ln’s are scattered
along the trachea.
 Superficial cervical ln
is deep to
omotransversarius,
over the scalenus.
 More later on the
thoracic inlet.
17
What ganglion is located at the cranial
end of the sympathetic trunk and contains
postganglionic sympathetic cell bodies?
1. Ciliary
2. Cranial cervical
3. Nodose
4. Stellate
The caudal laryngeal nerve is the
termination of what nerve?
1. Recurrent
laryngeal
2. Subclavian
3. Tracheal
4. Vertebral
Vagosympathetic Trunk
 Composed of the vagus nerve and the
sympathetic trunk.
 Vagus is parasympathetic; motor axons
are headed to thoracic and abdominal
viscera; pre-ganglionic cell bodies are in
the brain stem. Postganglionic axons
are (relatively long, relatively short).

20
Vagosympathetic Trunk
 Sympathetic trunk is sympathetic;
motor axons are headed to the head;
pre-ganglionic cell bodies are located in
the thoracic and cranial lumbar spinal
cord. Postganglionic axons are
(relatively long, relatively short).
 There is a nice summary illustration in
Dyce: figure 8-76.

21
On its way toward the head, the vertebral
artery passes through the foramen of
the 4th cervical vertebra.

1. Alar 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%

2. Lateral vertebral
3. Transverse
4. Intervertebral
5. Middle

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A

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M
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Tr

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 Skull and Neck Osteology
1 2
3 4
5
6
7

Note: the vertebral bodies decrease in

length caudally; C6 has a prominent
ventral lamina; C7 has no transverse
foramen.
23
Nuchal Ligament
 Funicular part: from skull to withers; directly
continuous with supraspinous ligament.
 Review question: What is the supraspinous
ligament?
 Funicular part associated with three bursae:
cranial and caudal nuchal, and supraspinous.
 Laminar part: spinous processes of T2/T3, to
spinous processes of C2-5 (picture in guide p.
15 shows it attached to C6 and C7 as well; as
do other references).
 Both parts are paired.

24
 cranial nuchal bursa
Nuchal Ligament
caudal nuchal bursa

supraspinous bursa

funicular part
lamellar part

Popesko I: 158
25
 mastoid paracondylar
process process lateral vertebral foramen

retroarticular
process alar foramen

transverse foramen

26
 mastoid paracondylar
process process lateral vertebral foramen

retroarticular alar foramen

process

transverse foramen

27
 Which lymph node is deep to one
layer of muscle here?

25% 25% 25% 25%

1. Axillary
2. Caudal deep cervical lla
ry
ic
a l
rv
ic
al
he
a l
xi er
v
ac
A ce Tr
Superficial cervical
c
ep i al
3. ld
e
e rfic
a p
a ud Su
4. Tracheal C
Vertebral Artery
 Travels cranially through the
transverse foramina from C6
to C1.
 Enters the atlantal fossa via
the transverse foramen of
C1.
 Anastomoses with the
occipital artery in the atlantal
fossa.
 Leaves the atlantal fossa via
the alar foramen.
 Immediately enters the
lateral foramen of the atlas
to supply the spinal cord.
29
 vertebral a. & occipital a.
anastomose; deep
PI 161, CERVICAL VERTEBRAE WITH VESSELS AND NERVES

cervical a. also joins them

18 vertebral a.
19 deep cervical a.
20 internal carotid a.
21 occipital a.

Popesko I: 161
30
 Discuss
 What are the following?
 14?
 16?
 22?
 23?

Identify these things on

the cross section of
your cadaver 's neck.

Popesko I: 166. Cross section at C4 31

 Summary:
 Neck muscles: There are some muscular
differences, particularly in the
sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus.
The horse has an omohyoideus and a
subclavius.
 Nuchal ligament: much more complex than
the dog. Funicular and lamellar parts.
Nuchal and supraspinous bursae are
clinically important.
32
 Summary:
 Lymph drainage: lymph nodes in clusters.
Medial retropharyngeal drains majority of
the head. Cranial deep cervical is the
terminal node, however.
 Accessory nerve: innervates
sternocephalicus, one of the “cribbing”
muscles.

33
Objectives/Major Concepts
 Find boundaries of Viborg’s triangle.
 Vagosympathetic trunk: review
components and function.
 Understand the components of the
nuchal ligament.
 Discuss lymph drainage in the neck.
 Read the live horse sections and
practice on the pony.

34
 Remove the Head (p. 13)
 We will help you do this
some time during the
lab.
 After the quiz, store the
head in a bag and label
with your desk numbers
and/or names.
 DON’T carve on the head
as described in the
guide.
 Check on your cadaver’s
head periodically.
35