Myocardial Infarct

A heart attack (also known as

a myocardial infarction) is the
death of heart muscle from
the sudden blockage of a
coronary artery by a blood
clot.

Blockage of a coronary artery

deprives the heart muscle of
blood and oxygen,causing injury
to the heart muscle.

Injury to the heart muscle

causes chest pain and chest
pressure sensation.

Coronary arteries are

blood vessels that
supply the heart muscle
with blood and oxygen.
 What causes Heart Attack?
Atherosclerosis is Atherosclerosis
a gradual
process by which
plaques
(collections) of
cholesterol are
deposited in the
walls of arteries.

The risk factors for

atherosclerosis and heart
attack include elevated
cholesterol levels, increased
blood pressure, tobacco
use, diabetes, male gender
and a family history of heart
attacks at an early age.
Cholesterol plaques cause
hardening of the arterial
walls and narrowing of the
inner channel (lumen) of
the artery.
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
• Defined as insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to
heart muscle.

• Due to narrowing of the heart arteries due to fatty

deposits which would eventually lead to heart attack.

• Common in men than women.

• Expected to be the most common cause of death by

the year 2020.

• Cause is normally due to high alcohol intake, fatty diet

and obesity.
HYPERTENSION !!!
Symptoms include:
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea), initially while exercising and eventually while at rest
• Fatigue
• Dizziness or fainting spells (syncope)
• Chest pressure or pain
• Swelling (edema) in your ankles, legs and eventually in your abdomen (ascites)
• Bluish color to your lips and skin (cyanosis)
Causes include:
• Blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary emboli)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as emphysema
• Sleep apnea and other sleep disorders
• Congenital heart disease
• Sickle cell anemia
• Chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
• Left-sided heart failure
Complications include :
• Thrombotic stroke , transient ischemic attack
• Congestive heart failure , myocardial infarction , angina pectoris
• Aortic dissection
• Renal artery stenosis
• Nephrosclerosis
Prevention include:
• Weight control
• Increased physical activity
• Increased potassium intake
• A dietary rich in fruits and vegetables and low-fat meat, fish, and dairy products
 Classification of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD)
I) Malposition of heart - dextrocardia
- situs inversus
II) Shunts - a) left to right - acyanotic (VSD1, ASD2, PDA3,
Eisenmenger syndrome)

ASD

PDA
VSD

1
Ventricular Septal Defect
2
Atrial Septal Defect
3
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- b) right to left - cyanotic (TOF4, Persistent truncus arteriosus, transposition of great
vessels)

Persistent truncus arteriosus Transposition of great vessels

TOF
III) Obstructive Congenital Heart Diseases
Coarctation of aorta
Aortic stenosis
Aortic atresia
Pulmonary stenosis
4
Tetralogy of Fallot