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EDUC 707: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

LESSON 1 ANATOMY
HUMAN BODY AS A DISCIPLINE
ORGANIZATION

A/PROF. ANNA CHERYLLE RAMOS | INSTRUCTOR | COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Anatomy
the scientific discipline The word ”anatomy” means to
that investigates the dissect, or cut apart and separate,
the parts of the body for study.
structure of the body.

exterior of the body

and observing the
wounds of soldiers
physicians were
and other injuries allowed to dissect
bodies of the dead to
augment their
knowledge

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ANDREAS VESALIUS (1511-1564)

Founder of Modern Human Anatomy ANATOMICAL
De humani corporis fabrica
(On the Fabric of the HumanBody)
STUDIES
Correct description of the heartanatomy

Most accurate and thorough examination

of the humanbody

Anatomical drawings were the finest yet

made

BASED ON SCALE
BASED ON SCALE
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY the study of structures that
the study of the larger can be observed only with
structures of the body, the use of a microscope or
those visible without the other magnification devices
aid of magnification

TWO BASIC APPROACHES TWO BASIC APPROACHES

Regional anatomy is the study of

Systemic anatomy the organization of the body by
the study of the body by areas.
systems, such as the
cardiovascular, nervous, skeletal, Within each region, such as the
and muscular system head, abdomen, or arm, all
systems are studied
simultaneously.

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STUDYING INTERNAL STRUCTURES
1. Surface Anatomy
the study of external features, such as bony projections, which
serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures.
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
X-RAYS uses electromagnetic radiation
to create pictures of the inside of your
body.
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses a
powerful magnetic field, radio frequency
pulses and a computer to produce detailed
pictures of organs, soft tissues, bone and
virtually all other internal body structures.
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STUDYING INTERNAL STRUCTURES
2. Anatomical Imaging
involves the imaging tests
to create pictures of
internal structures.
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
Computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a
noninvasive diagnostic imaging procedure that
uses a combination of X-rays and computer
technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images
(often called slices) of the body.
MRI vs CT Scan
• Abdominal pain – CT is the preferred test. It is more readily available on an
emergency basis and is very accurate. Ultrasound is used for children and
pregnant women.
• Trauma – CT is present in most emergency departments and is the best at
showing bone fractures, blood and organ injury.
• Spine – MRI is best at imaging the spinal cord andnerves.
• Brain – CT is used when speed is important, as in trauma and stroke. MRI is
best when the images need to be very detailed, looking for cancer, causes of
dementia or neurological diseases, or looking at places where bone might
interfere.
• Chest – CT is much better at examining lung tissue and often used for follow
up on abnormal chest x-rays. Low dose CT Scans are available and used with
high-risk smokers who need to be screened annually.
• Joints – MRI is best at showing tendons and ligaments.
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ANATOMICAL IMAGING
A positron emission tomography
(PET) scan is an imaging test that
allows your doctor to check for
diseases in your body. The scan uses
a special dye that has radioactive
tracers.
Common uses of PET/CT Scan
• detect cancer
• determine whether a cancer has spread in the body
• assess the effectiveness of a treatment plan, such
as cancer therapy
• determine if a cancer has returned after treatment
• determine blood flow to the heart muscle
PHYSIOLOGY
AS A DISCIPLINE
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Common uses of PET/CT Scan
• determine the effects of a heart attack, or myocardial
infarction, on areas of the heart
• identify areas of the heart muscle that would benefit from a
procedure such as angioplasty or coronary artery bypass
surgery (in combination with a myocardial perfusion scan)
• evaluate brain abnormalities, such as tumors, memory
disorders, seizures and other central nervous system
disorders
• map normal human brain and heart function.
PHYSIOLOGY
the scientific discipline that deals
with the processes or functions of
living things.
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GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY
1. to understand and predict the
body’s responses to stimuli
2. to understand how the body
maintains conditions within a narrow
range of values in the presence of
continually changing internal and
external environments.
PHYSIOLOGICAL
STUDIES
FORM
IS RELATED TO ITS
FUNCTION
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Physiology
• centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis.
• Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions
maintained by living things.
• Source of physiological data:
• observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes,
• manipulations and measurements
• carefully designed laboratory experiments
Human physiology is the
study ofa specific organism
(humans).
Cellular physiology
Systemic Physiology are subdivisions that
emphasize specific organizational levels.
Macroscopic surface view
the thin flap of your eyelid can snap
down to clear away dust particles
and almost instantaneously slide
back up to allow you to see again
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Deep structure view

the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the Microscopic view
eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat
At a smaller level of analysis, the
function of these nerves and
muscles likewise relies on the
interactions of specific molecules
and ions.

Levels of Structural
STRUCTURAL Organization of the
Human Body
ORGANIZATION
HUMAN BODY

Chemical Level
Chemical Level
All matter in the universe is composed of one or more
unique pure substances called elements . Atoms combine to form
molecules.
The smallest unit of any of thesepure
substances (elements) is an atom.
Molecules are formed by
having atoms of the same
or different kinds joined
together in one piece.

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Chemical Level Chemical Level

Molecules are chemically joined together and exist in both
elements and compounds.

Chemical Level Cellular Level

Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, Molecules form organelles, such as
such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars
found in living things. Molecules are the chemical the nucleus, mitochondria which
building blocks of all body structures. makes up cells.

Tissue Level Organ Level

Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues. Different tissues combine
to form organs, such as
the urinary bladder.

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Organ System Level Organism Level

Organs such as urinary Organ systems make up an organism. The human
bladder and kidneys make organism is a complex of organ systems that are mutually
up an organ system. dependent on one another .

LIFE’S
CHARACTERISTICS

Living and Interacting with the Environment Gathering and Using Energy
ORGANIZATION NUTRITION & ENERGY PROCESSING

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Maintaining Internal Balance Responding to changes in the surroundings

HOMEOSTASIS RESPONSIVENESS

Reproducing and Continuing Life

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

RESPONSIVENESS &
MOVEMENT
Anatomic structures and
physiological processes
allow runners to
coordinate the action of
muscle groups and sweat
in response to rising
internal body temperature.

Reproducing and Continuing Life Reproducing and Continuing Life

REPRODUCTION – transmission of genetic information Differentiation – change in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized

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BODY SYSTEMS

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BODY
POSITIONS

ANATOMICAL POSITION
Learning anatomy
refers to a person standing erect with
• pay attention to the etymology of new words the face directed forward, the upper
limbs hanging to the sides, and the
• anterior in Latin means “to go before. palms of the hands facing forward
• Therefore, the anterior surface of the body is the one that goes
before when we are walking.
• Words are often modified by adding a prefix or suffix
• ”-itis” means inflammation = appendicitis (inflammation of the
appendix)

ANATOMICAL POSITION ANATOMICAL POSITION

A person is supine when lying A person is prone when lying
face upward. face downward.

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DIRECTIONAL
TERMS

DIRECTIONAL TERMS DIRECTIONAL TERMS

RIGHT vs LEFT INFERIOR vs SUPERIOR
Towards the Towards the Below Above
body’s right side body’s left side

The nose is inferior The mouth is

to the forehead. superior to the chin.

DIRECTIONAL TERMS DIRECTIONAL TERMS

ANTERIOR vs POSTERIOR DORSAL vs VENTRAL
Toward the front of the Toward the back of the Toward the back Toward the belly
body body

The teeth are anterior to the throat.

The brain is posterior to the The navel is ventral to the
eyes. The spine is dorsal to the breastbone. spine

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS DIRECTIONAL TERMS

PROXIMAL vs DISTAL SUPERFICIAL vs DEEP
Closer to a point of attachment Farther from a point of Toward or on the surface Away from the surface, internal
attachment

The elbow is proximal to the wrist. The knee is distal to the hip. The lungs are deep to the ribs.
The skin is superficial to muscle.

BODY PARTS
AND REGIONS

Subdivision of the abdomen

subdivided superficially into four
sections, or quadrants, by two
imaginary lines that intersect at
the navel

Appendix is in the right-lower

quadrant

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the abdomen is sometimes

subdivided into regions by four
imaginary lines—two horizontal and
BODY PLANES
Sectioning the body as a way to look inside and
two vertical.
observing the structure.
These four lines create an imaginary
tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen,
resulting in nine regions.

Frontal or
Sagittal Plane Coronal Plane
runs vertically from right to
runs vertically through the left and divides the body
body and separates it into into anterior and posterior
right and left parts. parts.

Sectioning organs
• A cut through the long axis
of the organ is a longitudinal
section
Transverse or • a cut at a right angle to the
long axis is a transverse
Horizontal Plane section, or cross section.
runs parallel to the surface of • a cut is made across the long
the ground, dividing the axis at other than a right
body into superior and angle, it is called an oblique
inferior parts. section.

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Head Cavity

BODY CAVITIES fluid-filled space in a

multicellular organism

Body Cavities Body Cavities

A. DORSAL CAVITY
the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
in combination.
1)Cranial cavity - the space occupied
by the brain, enclosed by the skull
bones.
2)Spinal cavity – the space occupied by
the spinal cord enclosed by the
vertebrae column making up the
backbone. The spinal cavity is
continuous with the cranial cavity.
B. VENTRAL CAVITY - thoracic cavity, the
abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity in
combination.
1. Thoracic cavity –the space occupied by
the ventral internal organs superior to the
diaphragm.
2. Abdominopelvic cavity–the abdominal
cavity and the pelvic cavity in combination.
3. Abdominal cavity –the space occupied by
the ventral internal organs inferior to the
diaphragm and superior to the pelvic
cavity.
4. Pelvic cavity – the space occupied by the
ventral internal organs that are bordered by
the bones of the pelvic girdle.

Body Cavities
SEROUS
MEMBRANES
line the trunk cavities and cover the
organs of these cavities

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The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist (organ) = the visceral serous membrane LUNGS
the outer part of the balloon wall = the parietal serousmembrane the serous membrane in
cavity, or space = filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produc ed by the membranes. contact with the lungs
= visceral pleura
the serous membrane lining
the lung cavity
= parietal pleura
Serous fluid
= pleural fluid
produced by the membranes

HEART
The abdominopelvic cavity contains
a serous membrane-lined cavity
= peritoneal cavity

Visceral peritoneum covers many of

the organs of the abdominopelvic
cavity.

Parietal peritoneum lines the wall of

the abdominopelvic cavity and the
inferior surface of the diaphragm.

Mesenteries - anchor the organs to

the body wall and provide a
pathway for nerves and blood
vessels to reach the organs.

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