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استراتيجية التنصير فى العالم الإسلامى
استراتيجية التنصير فى العالم الإسلامى
© Omar Ahmad
Prepared for Advanced Wireless Networks, Spring 2006
Part 1
• An Intuition of SISO MISO and MIMO
• A Look at the Channel Capacity
An Intuition
SISO Single Input Single Output
Disclaimer: This Intuition is incomplete with respect to
how communication signals are actually analyzed
Forget about noise for now and the frequency domain transformation. Assume
we have an antenna, which transmits a signal x at a frequency f. As the signal propagates
through an environment, the signal is faded, which is modeled as a multiplicative coefficient h.
The received signal y will be hx.
x1 y 1 = h 1x 1
fading h1
transmit receive
An Intuition
SIMO Single Input Multiple Output
Now assume we have two receiving antennas. There will be two received signals y1 and
y2 with different fading coefficients h1 and h2. The effect upon the signal x for a given
path (from a transmit antenna to a receive antenna) is called a channel.
x1
fading h1 y1 = h1x1
transmit receive
An Intuition
MISO Multiple Input Single Output
Assume 2 transmitting antennas and 1 receive antenna. There
will be one received signal y1 (sum of x1h1 and x2h2). In order to
separate x1 and x2 we will need to also transmit, at a different
Time 1 Time 2
time, -x1* and x2*.
x2 -x1* The channel capacity has not really increased because we
still have to transmit -x1* and x2* at time 2. (Alamouti scheme)
transmit receive
An Intuition
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
With 2 transmitting antennas and 2 receiving antennas, we actually add a degree
of freedom! Its quite simple and intuitive. However, in this simple model, we are
assuming that the h coefficients of fading are independent, and uncorrelated. If they are
correlated, we will have a hard time finding an approximation for the inverse of H. In
practical terms, this means that we cannot recover x1 and x2.
x1 y1
y1 = h1x1+ h2x2 y1 h1 h2 x1 w1
y2 = h3x1+ h4x2 y2 h3 h4 x2 w2
Finally Assume there is some white Gaussian
x2 y2 Noise, and we have a set of linear equations
fading h4
y = Hx + w
All 2 degrees of freedom are being utilized in
the MIMO case, giving us Spatial Multiplexing.
transmit receive
A Look at the Channel Capacity
x1 y1
Once again, the time invariant MIMO channel
is described by
y = Hx + w
x2 y2
H, the channel matrix, is assumed to be
fading h4 constant, and known to both transmitter and
receiver. From basic linear algebra, every
linear transformation (i.e., H applied to x) can
transmit receive be decomposed into a rotation, scale, and
another rotation (SVD)
H= UV *
A Look a the Channel Capacity
H U V*
U and V are unitary (rotation) matrices.
Is a diagonal matrix whose elements:
1 2 3 . . . n min
are the ordered singular values of the matrix H.The SVD can be rewritten as
nm i n
H i ui vi*
i 1
We then Define
yi xi wi w h e r e w i h a s v a r i a n c e i2
So for the case of MIMO, the spatial dimension plays the role of time. The
capacity is now
N
1 n2 En
C l o g 1 2
n 1 2 2 n
A Look at the Channel Capacity
So what else does this mean? Each eigenvalue
1 2 3 . . . n
min
Multipath Fading
Multipath Fading
Each entry in the Channel matrix is actually a sum of different multi-
paths which interfere with one another to form the fading coefficient.
We can easily show this in the time domain:
y (t ) ai (t ) x(t i (t ) )
i
y (t )
h( , t ) x(t )d
h( , t ) ai (t ) ( i (t ) )
i