Channel Structure and Function

ZTE University
Objectives

 At the end of this course, you will be able to

master:
 Classification of channels
 Structure and Function of channels
Content

Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure
Architecture of UMTS

CN

Iu Iu

RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC

Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

UE
Channel Type
 Physical channel
 Transport channel UE
 Logical channel
Node B
RNC

Logical channel

Transport channel

Physical channel
Concept of channel

RLC layer
Logical channel L2
MAC layer

Transport channel

PHY layer L1
Physical channel
Channel Type

 Logical channels:
 Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be
transmitted)
 Transport channels:
 Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.
 Physical channels:
 Represent the “transmission media” providing the
platform through which the information is actually
transferred.
Protocol stack of the Uu interface
GC Nt DC

Duplication avoidance

GC Nt DC
UuS boundary
C-plane signalling U-plane information

RRC control L3

Radio
control

control

control
control

Bearers

PDCP
PDCP L2/PDCP

BMC
L2/BMC

RLC RLC L2/RLC

RLC RLC
RLC RLC
RLC RLC

Logical
Channels

MAC L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY L1
Logical Channels

Control Channel (CCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

Transport Channel

Common Transport Channels Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)

Forward Access Channel (FACH)

Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)

Dedicated Transport Channels Dedicated Channel (DCH)

 Physical Channel

Uplink Physical Channels Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

Downlink Physical Channels Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

Page Indication Channel (PICH)

Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

Mapping relationship

Uplink Downlink

Logic DCCH DCCH

CCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
Channel DTCH

Transport
Channel RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Mapping relationship

Transport Channels Physical Channels

DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
CPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Content

Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure
WCDMA frame structure
Physical Channels(1)

 The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by

the time:
 Superframe
 One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames.
 radio frame
 One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15
timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400 chips,
it is a basic unit of the physical layer.
 Timeslot
 A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding to
2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot depends
on the specific type of the physical channel.
Physical Channels(2)
 The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:

Ttimeslot= 2560 chip

Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I Tslot #15

Tframe=10 ms

Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #I Frame #71

Tsuperframe=720 ms
Uplink physical channel

 2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and

DPCCH)
 2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and
PCPCH)

Dedicated physical
Control channel DPCCH
UL Dedicated physical
Dedicated physical DPDCH channel
data channel
Physical random PRACH
Access channel
UL Common physical
Physical common PCPCH channel
Packet channel
Uplink Dedicated physical channel
PRACH

 Physical Random Access Channel

 PRACH consists preamble part and message part
 Random access transmit 1 or more 4096 chips length
preambles and 10ms or 20ms length message part.

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips 10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

PRACH transmitted structure
PRACH
 Physical Random Access Channel
 10ms message part is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot consists

of 2560chips.
 Each timeslot includes data part and control part. They are

transmitted in parallel .
 Data part :SF=32~256 , control part: SF=256.
Data
Data Ndata bits

Pilot TFCI
Control Npilot bits NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3)

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14

Message part radio frameRACH

T = 10 ms
Downlink physical channel
 DL physical channel include Dedicated physical channel、1 Shared
physical channel and five Common control channels.

SCH

CPICH

PICH

DL common physical AICH

channel
CCPCH

PDSCH

DPCH
Downlink dedicated physical channel
CPICH
CPICH
 There is 2 types of CPICH:P-CPICH and S-CPICH
 P-CPICH:
 P-CPICH of different cell uses the same Cch,256,0 OVSF code to
spread ,the bit rate of P-CPICH is also fixed.
 The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code.
 There is one and only P-CPICH per cell.
 The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell. it is used to search cell
primary scrambling code during cell selection procedure. And it is also
used for measurement and estimation during handover, cell selection and
cell re-selection.
 S-CPICH:
 A arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH.
 A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling
code.
 There may be 0,1 or several S-CPICH per cell.
 A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell. It is
may be a phase reference for a dl DPCH, but it is decided by high layer
signaling.
P-CCPCH
SCH (1)
 The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal
used for cell search.
 The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and
Secondary SCH.
 The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary
SCH are divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.

Structure of synchronization channel

SCH (2)
 P-SCH
 The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length
256 chips. The modulated code need not spreading and
scrambling.
 The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once
every slot
 The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
 S-SCH
 The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a
length 15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips.
 the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in
parallel with the Primary SCH.
 Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of
length 256.
 This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the
code groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.
S-CCPCH
PICH

 PICH carries PI（Page Indication），SF=256，

radio frame=10ms，consists 300bits，288 bits
for paging indication，12 bits Tx Off。
 PICH relates to S-CCPCH which mapping to PCH。

12 bits (transmission
288 bits for paging indication off)

b0 b1 b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

PICH frame structure

Content

Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure
Cell Search

 UE has to get the system information before it

registers with the network and access to services.
 The system information is beared in the BCH
channel, and its data is mapped into the Primary
CCPCH.
 So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode
the data of P-CCPCH.
Cell search procedure (1)

 The cell search is typically carried out in three

steps:
 Step1: Slot synchronization
 During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE
uses the SCH channel's primary synchronization code
to acquire slot synchronization to a cell.
 This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any
similar device) matched to the primary synchronization
code which is common to all cells. The slot timing of the
cell can be obtained by detecting peaks in the matched
filter output.
Sketch of Slot Synchronization
Cell search procedure (2)

 Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group

identification
 During the second step of the cell search procedure, the
UE uses the SCH channel's secondary synchronization
code to find frame synchronization and identify the code
group of the cell found in the first step.
 This is done by correlating the received signal with all
possible secondary synchronization code sequences,
and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since
the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code
group as well as the frame synchronization is
determined.
Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping

No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group

……
No. 511 Scrambling Code
Group No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
8176 8176：PSCNo. 7 Scrambling Code
No. 510 Scrambling Code Group
8177 8177：SSCGroup
8160
…
…
8160：主扰码
8161 112 8176：PSC
8161：辅扰码
8191 8191：SSC No. 1Code
No. 504 Scrambling Scrambling Code
… 113 8177：辅扰码
Group
…
Group
… No. 0 Scrambling Code
8175 8175：辅扰码 16 16：PSC
8064 127
8064：主扰码
8191：辅扰码 Group
8065 8065：辅扰码 17 17：SSC
… 0 0：PSC
…
31 31：SSC 1 1：SSC
8079 8079：辅扰码
…
15 15：SSC
Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code
Cell search procedure (3)

 Step3: Scrambling-code identification

 During the third and last step of the cell search
procedure, the UE determines the exact primary
scrambling code used by the cell.
 The primary scrambling code is typically identified
through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the CPICH
with all codes within the code group identified in the
second step.
 After the primary scrambling code has been
identified, the Primary CCPCH can be detected so
that the cell specific BCH information can be read.
Cell search procedure
Summary of the process

Synchronization
Channel Note
acquired
Primary Chip, Slot, Symbol Synchronization 256 chips
SCH Synchronization The same in all cells

15-code sequence of secondary

Frame Synchronization, synchronization codes. There are 16
Secondary Code Group secondary synchronization codes. There
SCH are 64 S-SCH sequences corresponding to
(one of 64) the 64 scrambling code groups 256 chips,
different for different cells and slot intervals

Common Scrambling code (one To find the primary scrambling code from
Pilot CH of 8) common pilot CH

PCCPCH Synchronization, Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256

BCCH info
RACH procedure
 UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and
their scrambling codes and signatures
 It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures
 The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is
set with a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy
 UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature
 Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication
Channel (AICH)
 UE decodes AICH message to see whether the Node B has detected
the preamble
 If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher transmit
power
 If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted with
the same power as the last preamble
RACH procedure
Exercise

 pls write down the 3 types of channel and describe

their mapping relations.
 One radio frame has a period of ( )ms, and
comprises( ) timeslots with the same length.
 Corresponding to ( ) chips, it is a basic unit of
the physical layer.
 pls describe the main function of each physical
channel.
 pls describe the cell search procedure.
 pls describe RACH procedure.