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Components of Food: Chemistry Project 2005-2006
Components of Food: Chemistry Project 2005-2006
Maltose
Sucrose
Polysaccharides
Condensation polymer of
monosaccharides
nC6H12O6--(C6H10O5)n + n(H2O)
Condensation
Example:
---Starch
---Cellulose
Open Chain and Ring Structures
of Glucose and Fructose
Glycosidic Linkage in
Carbohydrates
Bond formed between 2
monosaccharides
Condensation---2 OH group
Removal of H2O
Hydrolysis of Sucrose
Add water
2 simple sugars
Dilute mineral acids
Hydrolysis of starch (1)
With enzymes
To maltose
Hydrolysis of Starch (2)
Boiled with dilute H2SO4
To glucose
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O-- nC6H12O6
Reducing and Non-reducing
Sugars
Reduces basic solution of Cu2+(aq) or
Ag+(aq)
Sugar converted to acid
Aldehyde group
Keto group
Fehling’s test
Reducing sugar and Non-reducing sug
Reducing sugar and Non-reducing sugar
Reducing sugar and Non-reducing sugar
Proteins
Physical properties of proteins
Large Molecular mass ,typically several thousands.
eg. hemoglobin :64 500
viral proteins :40 000 000
Factors:
- Heat
- Acid
- Alkali
- high electropositive eg.Ag+ Hg +
- high electronegative eg. CN-
- organic solvent
- Mechanical force
Function of proteins
1.cytoskeleton : cytoplasm consists of a network of fibrous
proteins
2. Membrane protein
3. Raw material for growth
4. Formation of enzymes, hormones, antibodies
5. Fibrous proteins for support and protection
6. Osmotic balance and buffering
7. Energy source
Source of proteins
Egg
Milk
Daily products
Soya bean
meat
fish
etc…..
Site for protein digestion
protein
peptide
Amino Acid
Absorption of amino acids
Amino acids
Liver
Deamination
H
H2N-C-COOH carbohydrates
NH2
Kwashiorkor
Symptoms of Kwashiorkor:
a) Inflammation of skin
b) Anaemia
c) Swelling of abdomen
Test for Proteins
1) Protein Turns Yellow Albustix paper green
2) Biuret test:
Protein + NaOH + CuSO4 purple colouration
(blue)
Identification
Paper chomatography
2 dimensioned 3 dimenstioned
Fats and Oils!!!
Foods containing Fat and Oils:
What are fats and oils?
Fats and Oils are different lipids.
Lipidsare rather diverse class of organic
compounds of organic compounds that include
triglycerides, phospholipids, steriods, etc.
insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents.
They are mainly composed of C, H, O but with a
very low proportion of oxygen in the molecules.
Structure of fats and oils:
Most natural fats and oils are mixed glycerides.
Glycerides are esters formed from propane-1,2,3-triol
(glycerol) and a mixture of different long chain
carboxylic acids.
The carboxylic acids(fatty acids) making up fats and
oils are usually unbranched, having 14 to 18 carbons.
There are three ester groups per glycerol and the three
R groups are usually different, fats and oils are often
called triglycerides.
Triglycerides
Glycerol
A fatty acid
Synthesis of Triglycerides
Microscopic views of fat cells
A more colourful one
Animal fats and Vegetable oils:
Fats and Oils are found in animals and plants.
H H H H H H H
O2 in the air
C C C C C C C C
Autoxidation
H H H HO O H
segment of carboxylic acid in fat/oil hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxide
It is flavourless and odourless
It easily decomposes to form highly reactive
hydroperoxide free radicals
Hydroperoxide
Hydroperoxide
free radical
cleavage of Aldehydes,ketones
double bonds and carboxylic acids
Autoxidation
Can be contolled, But not be eliminated
Can be slow down by antioxidants.
Examples :
butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA)
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
carotene (Pro-Vitamin A)
Vitamin E
Hydrolysis of Fats and oils
Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule is
cleaved into two parts by the addition of a molecule of
water.
Fats can be hydrolysed into carboxylic acids and
glycerol in an alkaline medium (NaOH).
It is a reversible reaction.
Saponification
Hardening of unsaturated fat
An unsaturated fat is a fat in which there is one or
more double bond between carbon atoms of the
fatty acid chain.
Such fat molecules are monounsaturated if each
contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if
each contain more than one.
Unsaturated fat cannot pack together closely,
because of their bent structure. As a result,
unsaturated oils exist as a liquid at room
temperature.
Saturation of fatty acid
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction which can convert
an oil to a semisolid fat by adding hydrogen to some of
the carboxylic acid C=C double bond , thus decreasing
the degree of unsaturation.
As a result , they can pack together closer and has a
higher melting point .
It is an important reaction to produce margarine.
Soft spread margarine are prepared by the catalytic
partial hydrogenation of vegetable oil .
Catalytic Hydrogenation
Margarine:
An unsaturated fats
Solid forms of vegetable oil
Widely used as a substitute for butter
It is healthier than butter. (Why?)
Use your brain to think…
Examples:
Corn oil
Soy bean oil
Cottonseed oil
Iodine value:
Iodine value is used to measure the degree of
unsaturation in fats and oils.
It is determined by reacting fats or oils with excess
iodine which adds on across the double bonds in the
carboxylic acid side chains .
The degree of unsaturation is defined as the number
of grams of iodine needed to react with 100 grams of
fats/oils.
The greater the value is , the greater the degree of
unsaturation in the fat or oil.
Energy Source
The energy yield of lipids is more than twice those of
carbohydrates and proteins, as shown in the below
table.
Approximate amount of energy
released on complete oxidation(kg
g-1)
Carbohydrates 17
Proteins 17
Lipids 38
On average, around 20-30% of the daily energy
requirement of the human body comes from oxidation
of lipids
Energy Reserve
Triglycerides are common energy reserve in the
adipose tissue of animals. They are an excellent storage
form of energy because of the followings:
They provide much more energy per
gramme than carbohydrates and
proteins.
They are insoluble in water so that
they do not diffuse out of the cells
and do not upset the osmotic
balance of the cells.
They can be stored in the animal
body in almost unlimited amount.
Component of cell membrane
The cell membrane is formed by two layers (bilayers) of
phospholipids, with the lipophilic hydrocarbon ends
facing each other and the hydrophilic phosphate ends
pointing outward to the aqueous environment.