GROUP WORK 2

KARURANGA DISMAS
MAPENDO TOM CHRISTIAN
TWAHIRWA ANTHONY
1. DIAGRAMME SHOWING THE URBAN WATER COMPONENTS

Urban drainage
system Drinking water
treatment

Water resources

Water
Distribution

Effluent discharge Water users

Waste water
treatment
Waste water
production and
collection
 2. Environmental impacts of individual components

Environmental impacts of water resources:

 Impacts of dams include impacts on channel
reaches both downstream and upstream of the
dam.
 These may include impacts on water quality,
river morphology, flooding, fisheries, living
marine resources, wildlife, threatened and
endangered species, vegetation.
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For example environmental on the riverine

environments down streams of the dam can be
accumulation of stabilized and armored riverbed
material downstream of the dam caused by
successive clear water sluicing and lack of substrate
redeposition,
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profuse accumulations of algae caused by increases

in transparency, nutrients, bed instability, and
absence of fine sediments, reduced species diversity
in the macro invertebrate community, which may be
attributed to lack of water temperature variation
necessary for completion of important life history
events, such egg hatching and maturation.
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Freshwater plays an important role in climate systems:

fresh water resources are continuously renewed by the
natural processes of the hydrological cycle.
Water evaporates from lakes, rivers and oceans send
up a steady stream of water vapour; this spreads
through the atmosphere before descending as
precipitation.
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Approximately 65% of the precipitation falling on

land returns to the atmosphere through evaporation
and transpiration;
the remainder, or runoff, recharges , aquifers,
streams and lakes as it flows to the sea.
This process repeats itself without ceasing
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Rainfall water plays also a role in water cycle as

surface run off,
infiltration from the precipitations contribute to the
moisture recycling;
that rainfall water is needed for maintaining the
environment
 Drinking water treatment impacts:

 Drinking water treatment can have the direct or

indirect discharge of drinking water treatment
residuals to surface water; such as the discharge of
suspended solids, aluminum salts, organic matters,
radionuclides, iron salts, polymer, lime, arsenic,
desalination concentrates, or other residuals .
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These residuals from drinking water treatment if

they are discharged in environment pollute streams,
rivers and lakes. 
 Water distribution impacts

Underground aquifers are major sources of

municipal and industrial water supply; but as ground
water pumping increases to meet water demand, it
can exceed the aquifers rate of replenishment, and in
many urban aquifers water level show long-term
decline.
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The excessive extraction can cause a severe depletion

of ground water resources and a serious
deterioration in its quality; problems of land
subsidence con also follow rapid depletion of
aquifers
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Land subsidence not only damages individual

buildings and roads, but also underground piped
services, further increasing water depletion and
contamination.
 Leaks from water mains and sewers, and ruptured oil
pipelines and underground tanks can add to shortages
and soil and groundwater pollution
 Water users impacts

 Depletion of natural resources: water, fisheries, forests and the

loss of bio-diversity: water tables are falling around the world.
 Land degradation.
 Erosion is a major cause of degradation - topsoil is estimated to
being lost 16 to 300 times faster than it can be replaced through
natural soil-making processes. Mechanised tilling, poor soil and
water management and over application of agricultural chemicals
also contribute to land degradation..
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ground water contamination by nitrates and
pesticides resulting from uncontrolled use of
fertilizers and pesticides and intensive life-stock
production: ground water contamination is a major
problem in many countries, including France, the
Netherlands and the United States.
Many pesticides contain toxic compounds that
contaminate drinking water supplies and are
harmful to humans.
Wastes water discharges from domestic
activities, industries; urban activities contribute to
the environmental pollution.
 Urban drainage system impacts

 The impacts of urban system are so many: for example, if the

sewage has to be transported over long distances to centralized
sewage treatment plants ,necessary water and nutrients are
extracted from the area and the groundwater level will fall, the soil is
impoverished, if improperly cleaned, nutrients will pollute the
waters and damage the aquatic ecosystems, the use of chemicals for
cleaning is often necessary, pipe leakages are difficult to determine .
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The movement of water is very big and the losses on

the way very high, uncontrolled nutrient exchange is
a result and the efficiency is low.
Despite the cost intensive system the environment
suffers from nutrient losses
 impacts

Wastewater contain more organic matter and more

nutrients which can discharged in the river and
increasing BOD,
 they also contain pathogens, toxic compounds and
heavy metals .
For these reasons waste water is the cause of loss of
fisheries.
 Aquaculture and diseases.
 7. Wastewater treatment impacts

Most of waterborne diseases that are prevalent in

developing countries , such as diarrhea, thyphus and
cholera are caused primarily by poor hygiene practices
and the absence of improved waste water treatment.
After treatment, sludge is thrown in environment and
contains many nutrients that are main sources of
nutrients contributing to eutrophication.
Besides these waste water treatment increase the
concentration of heavy metals in the environment
 Effluent discharge

. Effluent is an out flowing of water from a natural

body of water, or from a man made structure.
Effluent in the man-made sense is generally
considered to be pollution, such as the outflow from a
sewage treatment facility or the wastewater discharge
from industrial facilities.
 This water is generally not physically contaminated,
but is usually warmer that the body of water discharges
into.
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TASK 3: A REDESIGNED URBAN WATER SCHEME AIMED

AT ACHIEVING LOWEST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
 Precipitation Evapotranspiration
Import of raw potable
water

urban land area

water supply urban drainage wastewater collection

water treatment stormwater overflow waste water treatment

management treatment

Surface waters
Groundwater
 END

THANK YOU