CONTENTS

12-1 Adjective clauses: introduction

12-2 Using who and whom in adjective ...
12-3 Using who, who(m), and that in adjective ...
12-4 Using which and that in adjective clauses
12-5 Singular and plural verbs in adjective …
12-6 Using prepositions in adjective clauses
12-7 Using whose in adjective clauses
12-8 Using where in adjective clauses
12-9 Using when in adjective clauses
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12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

I have a terrific friend

who is very kind.

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 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

adjective
11-10 CPITALIZATION + noun
(a) I have a terrific friend.
adjective + noun
(b) I have a thoughtful friend.

adjective modifies noun

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 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

adjective
11-10 CPITALIZATION + noun
(a) I have a terrific friend.
adjective + noun
(b) I have a thoughtful friend.

adjective noun

(usually)
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 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

noun
11-10 CPITALIZATION +
adjective clause
(c) I have a friend who is always cheerful.
noun
+ adjective clause
11-10 CPITALIZATION

(d) I have a friend who is a doctor.

noun
11-10 CPITALIZATION +
adjective clause
(e) I have a friend who lives next door.

adjective clause modifies noun

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 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION

noun
11-10 CPITALIZATION +
adjective clause
(c) I have a friend who is always cheerful.
noun
+ adjective clause
11-10 CPITALIZATION

(d) I have a friend who is a doctor.

noun
11-10 CPITALIZATION +
adjective clause
(e) I have a friend who lives next door.

noun adjective clause

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12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The boy who has the phone

is adorable.

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 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) The child is adorable. He has the phone.

(b) The child who has the phone is adorable.

he is a subject pronoun
who is a subject pronoun
who
he adjective clause

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 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) The child is adorable.

(b) The child who has the phone is adorable.

INCORRECT: The child is adorable

who has the phone.

noun adjective clause

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 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(c) The child was funny. I saw him.

(d) The child whom I saw was funny.

him is an object pronoun

whom is an object pronoun
whom
him adjective clause

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 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(c) The child was funny.

(d) The child who has the phone was funny.

noun + adjective clause

INCORRECT: The child was funny who has the phone.

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 12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence who

Jonah is in my English class.

He is an excellent student.

Jonah who is an excellent student

is in my English class.

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 12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence who

Mary is an artist.
She is very talented.

Mary who is very talented

is an artist.

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 12-1,12-2 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence Ø

We see the vendors.
They are working in the floating
market.

The vendors whom we see are

working in the floating market.

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12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

The girl that has the phone

is friendly.

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 12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

(a) The girl is friendly.

(b) The girl who has the phone is friendly.
same
meaning

(c) The girl that has the phone is friendly.

INCORRECT: The girl has the phone is friendly.

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 12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

(a) The child is adorable. He has the phone.

(c) The child that has the phone is adorable.

He is a subject pronoun
that can be the subject

that
He adjective clause

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 12-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

S O
(d) The child was funny. I knew her.

who(m)
that
(e) The child who(m) I knew was funny.
(f) The child that I knew was funny.
(g) The child Ø I knew was funny.
object pronoun can be omitted
from adjective clause
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 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
The people who(m) I met last night
were really funny.

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 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
The woman is reading is my sister.

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 12-3 LET’S PRACTICE

CORRECT OR INCORRECT ?
The woman that is reading is my sister.

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12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The computer that I just

bought is really fast.

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 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

s v
(a) My computer is really fast. It is new.
s v
(b) My computer which is new is really fast.
s v
(c) My computer that is new is really fast.

which things
that people / things
who, whom people
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 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) My computer is really fast. It is new.

(b) My computer which is new is really fast.

(c) My computer that is new is really fast.

It
which adjective clause

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 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) My computer is really fast. It is new.

(b) My computer which is new is really fast.

(c) My computer that is new is really fast.

It
that adjective clause

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 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) That computer is really fast. It is new.

(b) That computer which is new is really fast.
(c) That computer that is new is really fast.

INCORRECT: That computer is new is really fast.

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 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

s v o
(d) The old car needs work. I drive it.
o s v
(e) The old car which I drive needs work.
o s v
(f) The old car that I drive needs work.
s v
(g) The old car Ø I drive needs work.

which, that object in adjective clause

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 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(d) The old car needs work. I drive it.

(e) The old car which I drive needs work.

same meaning
(f) The old car that I drive needs work.
same meaning
(g) The old car Ø I drive needs work.

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 12-4 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence which

We played a game. The game was fun.

The game which we played

was fun.

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 12-4 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence Ø

We played a game. The game was fun.

The game we played

was fun.

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 12-4 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence that

Where is the supermarket?

It sells great produce.

Where is the supermarket

that sells great produce?

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12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

I have a friend who is a

wonderful gardener.

32
 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

(a) I have a friend who is a wonderful gardener.

singular noun singular verb

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 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES

(b) I have friends who are wonderful gardeners.

plural noun plural verb

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 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE

People who travel to other countries is

___
are required to have a passport. are

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 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE

A set of twins that ___

is not identical is
___
is called fraternal. are

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 12-5 LET’S PRACTICE

There are many people in speak

speak more than
Europe who ______ speaks
one language.

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 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The new student I talked to

was thrilled to be here.

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 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

PREP Obj.
(a) The teacher is friendly. I talked to her.

Obj. PREP
(b) The teacher whom I talked to is friendly.
(c) The teacher that I talked to is friendly.

(d) The teacher Ø I talked to is friendly.

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 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

FORMAL ENGLISH
MUST have pronoun

PREP Obj.
(e) The teacher to whom I talked is friendly.

preposition + whom + adjective clause

which

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 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

PREP Obj.
(f) The paper is long. I am working on it.

Obj. PREP
(g) The paper which I am working on is long.
(h) The paper that I am working on is long.

(i) The paper Ø I am working on is long.

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 12-6 USING PREPOSITIONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

FORMAL ENGLISH
MUST have pronoun

PREP Obj.
(j) The paper on which I am working is long.

preposition + whom + adjective clause

which

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 12-6 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence which

We went to a game. It was boring.

The game which we

went to was boring.

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 12-6 LET’S PRACTICE

two sentences one sentence Ø

We went to a game. It was boring.

The game Ø we
went to was boring.

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 12-6 LET’S PRACTICE

We visited a Rodin museum that

yesterday. It was beautiful.

The Rodin museum that we visited

yesterday was beautiful.

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12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The boy whose wrist is

broken has a cast.

46
 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) The boy has a cast.

His wrist is broken.

47
 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) The boy has a cast.

His wrist is broken.

whose wrist

(b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast.

whose possession

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 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) The boy has a cast.

His wrist is broken.

whose wrist

(b) The boy whose wrist is broken has a cast.

adjective clause

49
 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(c) I have a friend.

Her mother is a doctor.

whose mother

(d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor.

whose possession

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 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(c) I have a friend.

Her mother is a doctor.

whose mother

(d) I have a friend whose mother is a doctor.

adjective clause
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 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(e) The family was moving.

I bought their car.

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 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(e) The family was moving.

I bought their car.

whose car

(f) The family whose car I bought was moving.

whose possession

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 12-7 USING WHOSE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(c) The family is moving.

I bought their car.

whose car

(d) The family whose car I bought was moving.

adjective clause
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 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE

who
whose

This is my friend Ichiro.

His sister is a famous
scientist.

This is my friend Ichiro whose sister

is a famous scientist.

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 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE

who
whose

I go to a great doctor.
She is very busy.

I go to a great doctor who is very busy.

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 12-7 LET’S PRACTICE

who
whose
I go to a busy doctor.
Her patients often have to wait
in line.

I go to a busy doctor whose patients often

have to wait in line.

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 12-8 USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The restaurant where I have

lunch is very cheap.

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 12-8 USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) The cafe is in Taksim. We first met there.

(c) The cafe where we first met is in Taksim.

there where

there
where adjective clause

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 12-8 USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

I always lock the drawer. I keep my books there.

there → in it

I always lock the drawer. I keep my books in it.

in it → in which

I always lock the drawer in which I keep my books.

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 12-8 USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

I always lock the drawer. I keep my books there.

I always lock the drawer where I keep my books.

same meaning
I always lock the drawer in which I keep my books.
same meaning
I always lock the drawer which I keep my books in.

61
 12-8 USING WHERE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

FORMAL ENGLISH
MUST have pronoun

PREP Obj.
The island on which we live is huge.

preposition + which + adjective clause

where + adjective clause

The island where we live is huge.
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 12-8 LET’S PRACTICE

where
which

The house is in Salonica.

Atatürk was born there .

The house where Atatürk was born

is in Salonica.

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 12-8 LET’S PRACTICE

where
which

India is the country.

I would like to see it most.

India is the country which I’d like to see most.

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 12-8 LET’S PRACTICE

where
which
The room is on the third
floor. The meeting is going to
be held there.

The room where the meeting is going to

be held is on the third floor.

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 12-8 LET’S PRACTICE

where
which
The room is not very big. We
useit as a bedroom for our
guests.

The room which we use as a bedroom for

our guests is not very big.

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 12-9 USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

The day when my sister was

born was very cold.

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 12-9 USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

(a) I never forget the day. We first met then.

(c) I never forget the day when we first met.

then when

adjective
then
when clause

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 12-9 USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

I never forget the day. We first met then.

then → on that day

I never forget the day. We first met on that day.

on that day → on which

I never forget the day on which we first met.

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 12-9 USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

I love summers. Everybody is full of hope then.

I love summers when everybody is full of hope.

same meaning

I love summers in which everybody is full of hope.

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 12-9 USING WHEN IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

FORMAL ENGLISH
MUST have pronoun

PREP Obj.
The day on which I broke my leg is the worst
day of my life.
preposition + which + adjective clause

when + adjective clause

The day when I broke my leg is the worst day of
my life. 71
 12-9 LET’S PRACTICE

when
which

That day was freezing cold.

Bob went jogging then.

The day when Bob went jogging

was freezing cold.

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 12-9 LET’S PRACTICE

when
which
He is talking about the
vacation. He caught a
very big fish during that
vacation

He is talking about the vacation when he caught

a very big fish.
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 12-9 LET’S PRACTICE

when
which

Do you remember the

night? We went for a walk
on the beach then.
Do you remember the night when we went for
a walk on the beach ?
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 12-9 LET’S PRACTICE

when
which
Saturday is the day . We
usualy go shopping then

Saturday is the day when we usualy go

shopping.

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 12-9 LET’S PRACTICE

when
which
There was a time.
Dinosours dominated
the earth then.

There was a time when dinosours dominated

the earth.

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