Perencanaan Sistem Distribusi

Electricity
For
A Better
Life
LATAR BELAKANG
KEADAAN SISTEM KELISTRIKAN
INDONESIA
COMPANY HIGHLIGHTS
Electricity
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
For
A Better
Energy
Life sales GWh 79,165 84,520 87,089 90,441 100,097
Growth % 10.98 6.76 3.04 3.85 10.68
Energy Production GWh 93,325 101,653 108,360 113,020 120,244
T&D Losses % 11.65 13.52 16.45 16.88 11.29
Connected Power MVA 38,834 41,585 43,666 45,590 47,852
Number of Customers Million 28.60 29.83 30.95 32.15 33.37
Electrification Ratio % 52.02 52.12 52.51 53.03 55.9
Electrified Villges 49,155 49,476 52,007
Generation Capacity MW 20,762 21,059 21,112 21,206 21,470
Transmission Lines kmc 24,822 25,989 25,989 28,172 30,793
Main Substation Transf. MVA 49,957 49,957 50,485 53,399 54,128
MV Distribution Lines kmc 216,220 220,990 228,104 233,388 285,052
LV Distribution Lines kmc 287,531 297,157 307,226 313,829 322,703
MV/LV Distribution Transf. MVA 27,356 28,356 28,585 30,256 30,595
Number of Employee 50,310 49,637 48,238 44,216 44,178
Electricity
For
A Better
Distribution of Population
Life
Area Nb. Of Population *) Population
Island sq km % % density
(per sq km)
1 Jawa & Madura & Bali 137,729 7.23 133,340,000 59.90% 968
2 Sumatera 473,481 24.86 47,776,015 21.46% 101
3 Kalimantan 539,460 28.32 12,601,893 5.66% 23
4 Sulawesi 189,371 9.94 15,891,076 7.14% 84
5 Nusa Tenggara 68,053 3.57 8,168,418 3.67% 120
6 Maluku 74,505 3.91 2,444,862 1.10% 33
7 Papua 421,981 22.16 2,377,736 1.07% 6
Total Indonesia 1,904,580 100.00 222,600,000 100.00% 117
*) Estimate in 2006
Electricity Consumption & Number Of Customers in 2005
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Energy Consumption (GWh)
• Java-Bali : 85,409.2 (80.48 %)
• Outside Java-Bali : 20,709.3 (19.52 %)
• Total Indonesia : 106,118.5 (100.00 %)
Nb. Of Consumers (Million)
• Java-Bali : 23.37 (67.97 %) (E.R. : 63.6 %)
• Outside Java-Bali : 11.01 (32.03 %) (E.R. : 51.1 %)
• Total Indonesia : 34.38 (100.00 %) (E.R. : 59.0 %)
Note : E.R. = Electrification Ratio
Kurva beban Sistem Jawa-Bali 12 Juli 2005
Electricity
7000
For
A Better
Life
6000
5000
Region I Jakarta & Banten
Region II Jaw a Barat
Region III Jaw a Tengah dan DIY
4000 Region IV Jaw a Timur dan Bali
Region IV Bali
3000
2000
1000
0
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
0
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
:3
0:
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Beban Puncak : 14184 MW (Beban puncak teringgi dicapai pada 29 April 2005 : 14821 MW
pk : 19:30
Electricity
For Sales Allocation by Voltage Levels : 2004
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Life
11% 1%
53%
35%
TR TM TT Multi
GENERATION INSTALLED CAPACITY BY TYPE : 2003
Electricity
For
A Better
Life In MW
Java-Bali Outside Java- Indonesia
System Bali
• Hydro 2409.22 758.71 3617.93
• Steam 6000.00 900.00 6900.00
• Gas Turbine 645.86 578.86 1224.72
• Combined Cycle 5985.34 877.88 6863.22
• Geothermal 360.00 20.00 380.00
• Diesel 90.00 2580.42 2670.42
• Total 15490.42 5715.87 21206.29

Indonesia : Energy production by fuel type : 2003
Electricity
For Total energy production : 92,481 GWh (2.39% of USA’s)
A Better
Life In GWh
3 5,0 0 0
3 1,73 7
3 0 ,0 0 0 2 7,9 4 1
2 5,0 0 0
2 1,3 72
2 0 ,0 0 0
15,0 0 0
10 ,0 0 0 8 ,4 72
5,0 0 0 2 ,9 59
0
Oil C o al Gas Geo t hermal Hyd ro
USA : Energy production by fuel type : 2003
Electricity
For Total energy production : 3,870,000 GWh
A Better
Life
2,500,000
1, 9 7 4 , 0 0 0
2,000,000
1, 5 0 0 , 0 0 0
1, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
764,000
650,000
500,000
276,000
119 , 0 0 0 87,000
0
C oa l N uk e Ga s H y dr o Oi l Ot he r s
Source : Energy Information Administration, monthly Energy Review, DOE/ EIA-0035

Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Indonesia : Energy production by fuel type : 2006
Electricity
For Total energy production : 128,423 GWh
A Better
Life
6 0 ,0 0 0
54,659
50 ,0 0 0
4 0 ,0 0 0
3 0 ,0 0 0 28,009 27,063
2 0 ,0 0 0
12 , 15 3
10 ,0 0 0 6,539
0
Oi l Ga s C oa l Ge ot he r m a l H y dr o
Indonesia Energy Production by Fuel Type: 2006 - 2015
Electricity 300,000
For
A Better
Life 250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2 0 10 2 0 11 2 0 12 2 0 13 2 0 14 2 0 15
Hyd r o 12 153 12 2 2 4 12 3 79 12 50 4 12 52 6 16 78 7 178 8 4 19 9 3 4 20985 2 10 6 8

Geo t her mal 6 53 9 10 0 3 0 10 4 2 6 116 6 6 13 154 13 53 5 14 3 4 1 14 3 9 9 14 3 0 9 14 4 6 6
C o al 54 6 59 60091 6 58 3 6 72 173 8 13 4 1 9 552 9 10 4 56 7 1110 3 8 12 58 13 14 4 0 6 1
Gas 2 70 6 3 4 72 9 3 558 2 7 6 3 577 6 59 12 6 2 0 56 68292 773 4 3 8 0 12 2 8 14 6 5
Oil 28009 9 10 4 59 78 4 3 50 4 9 50 4805 4 6 13 52 53 59 4 0 70 10
Oil Gas Coal Geothermal Hydro

Jawa-Bali Energy Production by Fuel Type: 2006 - 2015
2 50 0 0 0
Electricity
For
A Better
Life 200000
150 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0
50 0 0 0
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2 0 10 2 0 11 2 0 12 2 0 13 2 0 14 2 0 15
Hyd ro 6 576 6 575 6 578 6 575 6 575 6 575 72 3 2 78 13 79 52 8034

Geo t hermal 6399 9 72 9 10 2 2 7 112 77 1119 8 110 78 1112 7 11178 110 8 7 112 4 2
C o al 4 9 8 11 53 712 54 0 0 4 552 4 7 6 2 0 55 756 3 9 8 12 0 4 8 552 1 9 6 156 10 750 9
Gas 2 0 12 0 39865 4 76 8 4 553 9 1 578 2 1 54 8 9 4 6 0 52 4 68082 70 0 6 3 718 8 0
Oil 20062 808 888 10 8 7 14 6 6 118 6 114 1 12 2 1 13 8 8 174 8

Outside Jawa-Bali Energy Production by Fuel Type: 2006 - 2015
80000
Electricity
For
A Better 70 0 0 0
Life
60000
50 0 0 0
40000
30000
20000
10 0 0 0
0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2 0 10 2 0 11 2 0 12 2 0 13 2 0 14 2 0 15
H y dr o 5577 5649 5801 5929 5951 10 2 12 10 6 5 2 12 12 1 13 0 3 3 13 0 3 4
Ge ot he r ma l 14 0 301 19 9 389 19 5 6 2457 3 2 14 3221 3222 3224
C oa l 4848 6379 118 3 2 16 9 2 6 19 2 8 6 19 8 9 0 23363 2 5 5 17 29657 36552
Ga s 6943 7428 8 14 3 8 18 6 8091 7 16 2 7768 9261 10 0 5 9 9585
Oi l 7947 8296 5090 3263 3484 3 6 19 3472 4032 4552 5262

VOLTAGE LEVELS IN PLN’S NETWORKS
Electricity
For
A Better Transmission System Distribution System
Life
Extra High Voltage : Medium Voltage :

500 kV (Java-Bali) 20 kV
High Voltage : 12 kV phased out
275 kV (Sumatera) 6 kV phased out
150 kV Low Voltage :
70 kV 0.4 kV
DISTRIBUTION RELIABILTY INDICES
Electricity
For
A Better
Life 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
JAVA-BALI
SAIDI (minutes/ cust.) 534.6 424.2 510.0 499.2 322.2
SAIFI (times/ cust.) 13.16 9.46 12.34 9.26 7.90
OUTSIDE JAVA-BALI
SAIFI (times/ cust.) 29.12 26.45 29.85 23.78 21.54
INDONESIA
SAIFI (times/ cust.) 18.58 15.12 18.24 14.17 12.51
Electricity
DESIGN OF PLN’S DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
For
A Better
Life Medium Voltage Networks
1. Three phase, three wire system with low resistance
neutral grounding (Jakarta, West Java, Bali and most
Outside Java-Bali Area)
2. Three phase, four wire system with multiple neutral
grounding (Central Java)
3. Three phase, three wire system with high resistance
neutral grounding (East Java)
Electricity
For Medium Voltage Networks Architectures (1/2):
A Better
Life
1. In major cities with high load densities, Undeground
Cables are used in “Spindle system”. 150 and 240 sq.
mm XLPE Cables are used. Some major cities already
has DCCs (Distribution Control Centers).
2. In less crowded areas (suburban) Overhead Lines are
used. Radial system with alternative feeding points
usually used. 150 and 240 sq.mm AAAC Conductors
are used for main feeders, while smaller 35, 70 and 95
sq.mm conductors are used for the antenas.
3. For rural areas overhead lines are extensively used, in
sparsely inhabited areas, single phase lines are used.
Electricity
For Medium Voltage Networks Architectures (2/2):
A Better
Life
4. On OHL MV systems, Sectionalizers together with
Autoreclosers are used to improve reliabilty.
Electricity Load Feeder
For
A Better
Life
N.O.
Express Feeder
N.C.
Switching
HV/ MV Subs. Station
MV/ LV transf.
Mid point
A Spindle System
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Antena
Recloser Load Feeder
Load Feeder
Express Feeder
HV/ MV Subs.
Switching
Station
A Radial System
A Radial System With alternative
Feeding points
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
HV/ MV Subst. C
HV/ MV Subst. A
Normally Open
LBS
HV/ MV Subst.B
A Load served from
Electricity Two feeding points
For
A Better
Life
A B
Change over switch
Important Load
• VIP
• Hospitals, etc.
Distribution Transformers Types :
Electricity
For
A Better
Life • Pole Mounted Substation
• Kiosk Substation (metal clad)
• Concrete Substation
Transformer Unit Sizes :
50 kVA single phase (CSP) 800 kVA

50 kVA three phase 1000 kVA
100 kVA 1250 kVA
160 kVA 1600 kVA
200 kVA 2000 kVA
250 kVA 2500 kVA
315 kVA
400 kVA
630 kVA
Electricity
DESIGN OF PLN’S DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
For
A Better
Life Low Voltage Networks
1. Three phase, four wire system with direct neutral
grounding (TT grounding system)
2. In rural areas single phase and two phase systems are
used
3. In Central Java common neutral wires are used for both
MV and LV system
4. Twisted aerial cable extensively used with conductor
size of 50 and 70 mm2
Macam-macam pentanahan sistem tegangan rendah
Electricity
For T
A Better
TT System
Life
S
TN System
T T
S S
R R
PEN N
PE
T
Electricity
For
A Better S
Life
R
N
PE
T IT System
R
N
SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Pembangkit Pelanggan TT
Gardu Induk TT/TM

Gardu Induk
Pembangkit Energy Sales
Energy Sales (TM +TR)
(TT+TM+TR) Pelanggan TM
Energy
Transmisi TT Sales (TR)
Penyulang TM Penjulang TR
Sistem Pel.
Distribusi TR
Gardu Dist. TM/TR
Distributed Energy Networking
The Big Benefits of Small-Scale Power
Electricity
Bigger isn’t always better. The trend in power generation today is moving toward
For the small, a reversal of a curve that peaked in the early '70s when utilities were
A Better
Life
building thousand-megawatt-plus plants each capable of serving a large city on
its own. The big plants hit imposing economic, physical and regulatory barriers,
so by 2000 the average new plant was around 100 megawatts (MW).4 Movement
toward even smaller-scale generation is accelerating. Approximately 60,000 MW
of small-scale distributed generators, defined as under 10 MW, are online in North
America.5 They are mostly diesel generators and reciprocating engines, while
fuel cells, microturbines and solar arrays are finding increasing markets.
Distributed generation could be growing by 2,500-5,000 MW annually by 2010,
the Electric Power Research Institute projects.6 The U.S. Department of Energy
aims that 20% of new electrical generator additions will be in the distributed
category by 2010. The distributed power market is driven primarily by the need for
super-reliable, high-quality power. Small generators are finding their way into
sites such as hospitals, police stations, data centers and high-tech plants which
cannot afford blackouts, and which in many cases need computer-friendly power
that is reliable 99.999999% of the time. The grid can only guarantee around
99.99% reliability, and millisecond outages that merely cause lights to flicker will
cause costly computer crashes. First National Bank of Omaha puts the cost of
outages at its credit card processing center, seventh largest in the nation, at
$100,000 per minute.7 Such high-stakes risks make it economical to
install on-site power units even if their production costs substantially exceed grid
rates. So First National powers its center with a fuel cell array.
Distributed generation brings many potential values for the overall power network
Electricity
For as well. A new Rocky Mountain Institute study identifies 207 distinct benefits of
A Better
Life
distributed energy, from lower financial risks to improved grid operations, that can
make a kilowatt's worth of distributed power worth far more than the equivalent
power from a large plant.8 But distributed energy's full range of values cannot be
realized until it is integrated into the larger power network. That is a big sticking
point. Today, "very little (distributed generation) is connected to the power delivery
infrastructure, and even less is integrated into the utility communication and control
infrastructure," the Electricity Innovation Institute reports.9 A distributed power
network with thousands of small generators requires far more sophisticated
communications and control systems than a radial grid focused on a few big plants.
Deploying the smart energy network is key to gaining the full benefits of distributed
generation.
The Department of Energy and its labs including PNNL, as well as other research
organizations, have devoted tremendous time and energy to developing innovative
energy technologies, notes Steve Hauser. But these technologies have faced
logjams on their way to the marketplace. The smart energy network can play a
critical role in breaking those logjams by enabling "plug&play" integration that
reduces the costs of installing new energy technologies, and by opening markets in
which their economic value can be quickly and fully realized.
"What you want is a sustainable marketplace that will drive the use of these
technologies over 20 years," Hauser says.
Jaringan Tegangan Menengah 20 kV
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Jaringan Tegangan Menengah 20 kV
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Jaringan Distribusi (Saluran Udara) JTM (Jaringan Tegangan Menengah)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Gardu Distribusi 20/ 0,4 kV
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Gardu Distribusi
JTR (Jaringan Tegangan Rendah)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
kWh Meter Pelanggan 1 fasa
Electricity
For
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Life
Electricity
For
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Life
kWh meter
pelanggan 3 fasa
Electricity
AMR (Automatic Meter Reader)
For
A Better
Life
Working Voltage
Electricity
For The working voltage depends, of course, on the distance of transmission. We
A Better
Life have already stated the rough rule of 1,000 volts per mile, but it is to be
noted that in practice the voltage per mile varies from about 600 to 1,500.
The following table forms an approximate guide in the case of overhead
transmissions:
Distance Kilovolts per mile
Up to 10 miles 1.5 to 1.2
10 to 15 miles 1.2 to 1.0
50 to 75 miles 1.0 to 0.9
75 to 100 miles 0.9 to 0.8
100 to 150 miles 0.8 to 0.7

Kemampuan Penyaluran Menurut Tingkat Tegangan
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
• Jaringan Tegangan Rendah (0.40 kV) : 200 – 260 kVA per

penyulang
• Jaringan Tegangan Menengah (20 kV) : 8 - 10 MVA per penyulang
• Jaringan Tegangan Tinggi (70 kV) : 36 – 75 MVA per sirkit
• Jaringan Tegangan Tinggi (150 kV) : 100 - 800 MVA per sirkit
• Jaringan Tegangan Ekstra Tinggi (500 kV) : 2000 MVA per sirkit
Electricity
Pendahuluan
For
A Better
Life • Perencanaan Pengembangan Sistem Distribusi
merupakan bagian dari Rencana Investasi Sistem
Ketenagalistrikan secara keseluruhan, yang terdiri
dari Sistem Pembangkit, Sistem Transmisi dan
Gardu Induk dan Sistem Distribusi
• Produk akhir dari Perencanaan Sistem Distribusi
adalah Perkiraan 1 sampai 10 tahun kedepan
Kebutuhan Fisik Komponen Sistem Distribusi yang
terdiri atas Jaringan Tegangan Menengah (JTM),
Gardu Distribusi (GD), Jaringan tegangan Rendah
(JTR), Sambungan Langganan (SL), serta peralatan
pendukung lainnya dan kebutuhan Biayanya.
Mengapa Perencanaan Sistem Distribusi Diperlukan
Electricity
For  Agar diperoleh pengembangan sistem ketenaga listrikan yang
A Better
Life optimal dan tertata dengan baik, dimana senantiasa tersedia
fasilitas terpasang yang seimbang antara sistem Pembangkitan,
Penyaluran dan Distribusi dengan Demand.
 Sistem Distribusi merupakan Titik Interaksi antara Pelanggan
dengan Pemasok
 Merupakan ‘Jendela Etalase’ bagi pelanggan untuk menilai baik
buruknya citra Pemasok
 Merupakan ‘revenue collecting tool’
 Tersedianya Sarana Distribusi yang cukup, andal dan efisien
merupakan keharusan
 Keterbatasan Sumber Pendanaan
 Perencanaan yang baik merupakan keharusan, agar dengan
sumber dana yang terbatas diperoleh hasil maksimal
 Mencegah terjadinya PANIK.
Beberapa Issue yang harus dipenuhi dalam Perencanaan
Electricity
For dan Design Sistem Distribusi
A Better
Life
• Kapasitas yang mencukupi untuk mendistribusikan

Beban
• Level dan Kualitas Tegangan yang memuaskan
• Pelayanan yang andal
• Keselamatan (Safety)
• Diterima dari segi Estetika
Electricity
Alokasi Investasi dan losses pada System
For
A Better Tenaga Listrik pada umumnya
Life
Pembangkit Transmisi Distribusi Tot.
Annual Capital 63 12 25 100

Expenditure (%)
Losses (% of system 0.5 1.5 – 3 3-6 5 – 9.5

Peak)
Losses (% of total) 10 30 60 100

Prinsip Dasar Perencanaan Pengembangan
Electricity
For
Sistem Distribusi :
A Better
Life
• Menyediakan Sarana Pendistribusian Tenaga Listrik
yang mencukupi, andal dengan kualitas pelayanan
tinggi dan efisien (susut energi rendah).
• Dengan selalu mempertimbangkan berbagai
alternatif dan memilih yang optimal, yaitu :
- Least Cost (Investment + Operation)
- Semua standard operasi dipenuhi
• Kelayakan program investasi dievaluasi berdasarkan
analisa ekonomis (Benefit to Cost Analysis atau
Financial Internal Rate of Return).
Nilai NPV sebagai fungsi dari Discount Rate
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Pengembangan Sistem Distribusi meliputi :
Electricity
For
• Perluasan Sistem untuk mengakomodir Pertumbuhan
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Life
Demand (Growth).
• Program peningkatan keandalan (reliability)
• Program Penurunan Losses Distribusi
• Program Rehabilitasi Jaringan Tua
• Program Peningkatan Kualitas pasokan listrik pada
pelanggan (power Quality)
• Program Peningkatan Sarana Pelayanan
TAHAPAN PERENCANAAN SISTEM DISTRIBUSI (1/2)
Electricity
For
A Better
Agar supaya proses pengembangan sistem distribusi
Life
tersebut optimum dan tertata baik, maka perlulah
dilakukan studi perencanaan yang terorganisir dalam
tahapan jangka panjang dan jangka pendek.
•Perencanaan Jangka Panjang (5 – 10 tahun)
- Penyusunan arahan (guideline) bagi perencanaan
jangka pendek
- Penyusunan strategi perluasan sistem :
a. Pemilihan tingkat tegangan sistem distribusi
b. Pemilihan lokasi/ unit size trafo Gardu Induk
c. Pemilihan konfigurasi sistem distribusi yang akan
dipergunakan
- Memperkirakan anggaran jangka panjang
- Koordinasi dengan perencanaan transmisi untuk
analisa kebutuhan GI
TAHAPAN PERENCANAAN SISTEM DISTRIBUSI (2/2)
Electricity
For • Perencanaan Jangka Pendek/ Menengah (1 – 5 tahun)
A Better
Life - Feeder oriented, dengan sasaran :
a. Membuat rencana perluasan jardis TM untuk
antisipasi pertumbuhan beban
b. Memperbaiki susut tegangan
c. Menghilangkan beban lebih di jaringan
d. Memperbaiki power factor/ menurunkan susut
e. Meningkatkan mutu pelayanan.
f. Rehabilitasi jaringan
- Analisa teknis pada feeder (penyulang) :
a. Load Flow
b. Optimasi penempatan capacitor
c. Short circuit
d. Optimasi switching
e. Protection coordination.
f. Contingency analysis
Lingkup Studi Pengembangan Sistem Distribusi
Electricity
For
A Better
Lingkup Studi Perioda Studi
Life
Pengembangan GI TT/ TM 5 - 10 tahun

• Lokasi
• Kapasitas
Arsitektur Jaringan Primer TM
Pengembangan/ Perluasan Sistem 5 – 10 tahun
Jaringan TM (MACRO)
Pengembangan Penyulang TM, TR 1 – 3 tahun

dan Gardu Distribusi (MASTER
PLAN)
Rencana jangka pendek 6 – 12 bulan
• Penurunan susut
• Peningkatan mutu tegangan
Tahapan Perencanaan Pengembangan Sistem Distribusi
Electricity
Jangka Pendek Jangka Menengah Jangka Panjang
For
A Better
Life
• Model kondisi Simulasi
• Data jaringan distribusi Studi
awal perkembangan
terpasang Pengembangan
• Prakiraan evolusi beban jangka
• Data beban tersambung JaringanTransmisi
beban panjang
• Prakiraan Prakiraan
kondisi kelistrikan perkembangan
jangka pendek beban jangka
• Analisa pada menengah Studi Design Jaringan
kendala di jaringan
• Pemilihan tegangan
• Standard peralatan
• Pemilihan tipe GI TT/TM
• Pemilihan tipe jaringan TM
Analisa kebutuhan Studi Detail

Pengkajian terhadap
perkuatan jaringan Pengembangan
strategi pengembangan
kebutuhan jangka GI TT/ TM dan Jaringan
jaringan utama tegangan
pendek Tegangan Menengah
menengah
Investment
Plan
Strategy
Pengembangan
Jaringan
Transmisi
Bagan aliran penyusunan Master
Plan Distribusi Geographical Map
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Area yang dilayani
(Service Area)
Land Use Map
Desain jaringan Spatial Load Beban Puncak

Distribuai : Forecast (Small Area)
• Radial
• Spindel
• OHL
Level Keandalan yang Load Density
• UGC
dikehendaki (MW/ km2)
Rencana Gardu Induk TT/ TM :

Route Feeder TM • Uprating
• Existing • Lokasi Baru
• Expansion Plan • Unit size Trafo
Least Cost Ukuran Penampang Susut Tegangan

Expansion Plan Konduktor yang diijinkan
TAHAPAN PROSES PERENCANAAN SISTEM DISTRIBUSI
Electricity
For SEPTEMBER 2004 • LOAD & SALES FORECAST (TOTAL WILAYAH/
A Better DISTRIBUSI) 10 TAHUN KEDEPAN
Life
DESEMBER 2004 • LOAD FORECAST PER AREA PELAYANAN (DIS-

AGREGASI LOAD FORECAST) 5 TAHUN KEDEPAN
- PRAKIRAAN BEBAN PUNCAK (MW) MENURUT AREA
PELAYANAN
- PRAKIRAAN BEBAN PUNCAK (MW) PER GI - TT/TM
JAN- MAR 2004 • RENCANA PENAMBAHAN KAPASITAS GI - TT/TM

- UPRATING (TAMBAH TRAFO)
- GI BARU (LOKASI BARU)
APR.2004 – JULI 2005 • RENCANA DETIL PENGEMBANGAN JTM, GD.

• KEBUTUHAN JTR, SR
- 3 TAHUN KEDEPAN
AGUSTUS 2005 • BUDGET

Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW)
Electricity Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta Raya
For
A Better
Life Kebijakan Pengembangan Tata Ruang
1. Memantapkan fungsi kota Jakarta sebagai kota jasa skala
nasional dan internasional
2. Memprioritaskan arah pengembangan kota ke arah koridor
timur, barat, utara dan membatasi pengembangan ke selatan
agar tercapai keseimbangan ekosistem.
3. Melestarikan fungsi dan keserasian lingkungan hidup
didalam penataan ruang dengan mengoptimalkan daya
dukung dan daya tampung lingkungan hidup
4. Mengembangkan sistem prasarana dan sarana kota yang
berintegrasi dengan sistem regional, nasional dan
internasional
RENCANA TATA RUANG WILAYAH (RTRW)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Beberapa Contoh Program Perencanaan Pengembangan Sistem Distribusi (1/3)
Program Pekerjaan Indikasi Metoda Evaluasi
Electricity
1. Perluasan
For Sistem 1. Penambahan/ perkuatan 1. Pertumbuhan Least Cost
A Better
untuk penyulang TM (JTM) demand
Life
Mengantisipasi 2. Penambahan Gardu 2. Penambahan
Pertumbuhan Distribusi pelanggan baru
Demand (growth) 3. Penambahan JTR
2. Peningkatan 1. Pembenahan sistem 1. Tingginya indeks Financial Internal
Keandalan (reliability) proteksi lama gangguan Rate of Return
2. Otomatisasi Jaringan (SAIDI) atau Least Cost
3. Rekonfigurasi jaringan 2. Tingginya indeks
dari radial ke ‘open loop’ frekuensi
atau spindel gangguan (SAIFI)
4. Motorized LBS, 3. Tingginya keluhan
autoreclosers dan dari pelanggan
autosectionalizers
5. Pemeliharaan dalam
keadaan bertegangan
(PDKB)
6. Penggunaan konduktor
berisolasi, tree guard,
dsb.
7. UPS (uninteruptible
Power Supply)
Program
Electricity
Pekerjaan Indikasi Metoda Evaluasi
For
A Better
3. Penurunan
Life Susut 1. Penambahan Titik 1. Susut teknis yang Financial Rate of
teknis Pasokan (Gardu Induk tinggi di jaringan Return
TT/ TM) baru distribusi
2. Perkuatan segment
feeder TM
3. Pemasangan Kapasitor
di Jaringan Tegangan
Menengah dan
Tegangan Rendah
4. Pengencangan atau
penggantian clamp
4. Peningkatan Kualitas 1. Pemasangan AVR 1. Menurunnya Least Cost

Pasokan (Power 2. Pemasangan Kapasitor kualitas tegangan
Quality) 3. Pemasangan Filter untuk pada pelanggan
menghilangkan (voltage swell,
Harmonik voltage sag,
flicker)
4. Perbaikan pada sistem
pentanahan (grounding) 2. Terjadi kerusakan
pada peralatan
listrik konsumen
Electricity
For
A Better Program Pekerjaan Indikasi Metoda Evaluasi
Life
5. Rehabilitasi Jaringan 1. Penggantian komponen 1. Tingginya angka Least Cost

yang sudah tua jaringan distribusi yang gangguan pada
sudah tua/ rusak. komponen
jaringan tertentu
Contoh Pilihan Alternatif Dalam
Electricity
For
Perencanaan Sistem Distribusi (1/3)
A Better
Life GI A GI B
Feeder TM Terpasang
Alternatif 2
Alternatif 1 Alternatif 3
Pelanggan Baru
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Alternatif 1 :
Menyambung dengan Feeder TM
GI ‘X’ (Terpasang)
Daerah Baru yang akan di sambung
Alternatif 1 :
Alternatif 2 : Membangun GH
Menyambung dengan Transmisi TT
Alternatif 2 :
Membangun GI
Transmisi Tegangan Tinggi (Terpasang)

Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Gardu Induk TT/ TM
Alternatif 1 : Alternatif 2 :
Menyambung dengan Menyambung dengan

Feeder dengan Feeder dengan
konduktor dengan luas konduktor dengan luas
penampang kecil, Penampang lebih
sehingga memerlukan besar, sehingga
jumlah sirkit lebih memerlukan jumlah
banyak sirkit lebih sedikit
Calon Pelanggan atau

Lokasi Baru yang akan
disambung
Electricity
For
PEMBEBANAN OPTIMUM PENYULANG TM (1)
A Better
Life
1 Pembebanan pada Penyulang TM dibatasi oleh :
• Kuat Hantar Arus (KHA) hantaran penyulang
• Susut Tegangan yang diijinkan
• Batas Stabilitas Tegangan (Voltage Stability)
2 Untuk Penyulang yang pendek seringkali KHA menjadi
batas pembebanan
3 Untuk Penyulang yang panjang, Susut Tegangan seringkali
menjadi batas pembebanan
3 Untuk Sistem Distribusi Batas stabilitas tegangan hampir
tak pernah dialami, kecuali beberapa kasus extreem.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life 1 Pembebanan Optimum Penyulang TM adalah
pembebanan penyulang sedemikian rupa hingga biaya
penyalurannya seminimal mungkin
2 Biaya Penyaluran terdiri atas dua komponen :
• Capital Cost (biaya pembangunan) penyulang
• Cost of Losses (biaya susut) pada penyulang
3 Biaya Susut terdiri atas dua komponen :
• Demand cost of losses : merupakan biaya yang harus
dikeluarkan untuk setiap kW unit pembangkit yang
diperlukan guna menanggung setiap kW rugi daya
sepanjang penyulang
• Energy Cost of Losses : biaya rugi energi yang terjadi
pada penyulang
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Biaya Penyaluran :
CP = CPINV + ((MVA)2 . R/U2) . CL . 1000 (1)
Dimana :
CP = Biaya Penyaluran Penyulang Tegangan Menengah
(Rp/ km/ thn.)
CPINV = Biaya investasi penyulang tegangan menengah
(Rp/ km/ thn.)
MVA = Daya maksimum yang disalurkan penyulang (MVA)
R = Besarnya tahanan urutan positip persatuan panjang
penyulang (ohm/ km)
CL = Biaya rugi-rugi (Cost of losses) (Rp/ kW/ thn.)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Besarnya CL dari Persamaan (1) dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :
CL = CC + 8760 . LSF . CE (2)
Dimana :
CC = Biaya investasi per kW/thn (Capacity Cost) *)
(Rp/ kW/ thn.)
LSF = Loss Factor
CE = Biaya Produksi Enersi Listrik (Biaya Pokok Produksi)
(Rp/ kWh)
*) Dihitung berdasarkan NPV ΣBiaya Investasi Pembangkit (Peaker) +Transmisi+Distribusi/ Σ Peak Load
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Biaya Penyaluran Penyulang 20 kV
40000
35000
30000
US $/km/th
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
XLPE 300 XLPE 240 XLPE 150 MVA

BAGAN ALIRAN PERENCANAAN SISTEM DISTRIBUSI
Electricity
Prakiraan Beban (DKB) Fasilitas Sistem Distribusi Terpasang
For • JTM (kms, jumlah penyulang)
• Energy Sales
A Better •Jumlah Pelanggan • JTR (kms)
Life • Trafo Distribusi (MVA)
• Usia Peralatan
Energy Sales (TM)

Energy Sales (TR)
Index Keandalan :
Pembebanan pada Sistem Distribusi Terpasang : SAIDI, SAIFI
• JTM : MW/ penyulang
Peak Load (TM) • Trafo Distribusi : (% loading)
Peak Load (TR)
Program Penurunan
SAIDI, SAIFI
Apakah Ada Komponen Tidak
Ya
Sistem Distribusi
Berbeban lebih ? Program Intensifikasi
Program Rehabilitasi
Program Ekstensifikasi
•Perkuatan Penyulang TM Apakah Ada Komponen Tidak Ada Komponen
•Penambahan Trafo Dist. Sistem Distribusi Ya
Sistem Distribusi
•Trafo Sisipan Dengan susut Teknis
bertegangan
•Penambahan JTR tinggi ?
Dibawah standar ?
Ya
Tidak
Program Penurunan Susut
Teknis
Program Perbaikan
Kualitas Pasokan (PQ)
Investment Plan
• Kebutuhan Fisik Perluasan Sistem Distribusi
• Prakiraan Biaya
BAGAN ALIRAN PERKIRAAN KEBUTUHAN FISIK TAMBAHAN FASILITAS
DISTRIBUSI UNTUK MENGANTISIPASI PERTUMBUHAN DEMAND
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Energy Sales
Energy Sales TM Energy Sales TR
Energi kirim ke
Busbar TR + Energi Susut TR
Sales TM
Peak Load di
Energi kirim ke
Susut TM Busbar TR
Busbar TM
Kebutuhan Fisik
Peak Load di Kebutuhan Fisik Tambahan Trafo Dist.
Tambahan GI TT/TM dan
Busbar TM JTM Dan JTR
Penentuan kapasitas trafo GI atau GD
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Load Density Batas Voltage

(MW/km2) drop di
penyulang TM/TR
Service area Panjang maks.

Demand Factor
(km2) penyulang TM/TR
Kapasitas trafo
Diversity Factor
GI/ GD
ElectricityNEP ESD
For
A Better LGI LGD
TT TM TR
Life
LTL LJTM LJTR
SU ESTT C/SBTT ESTM C/SBTM ESTR C/SBTR
Losses = (LTL + LGI + LJTM + LGD + LJTR + LSR)/ NEP

= (NEP - ESTT - C/SBTT - ESTM - C/SBTM - C/SBTR)/NEP
Legend :
NEP = Net Energy Produced ESD = Energy Sent to Dist. System SU = Station Use
LTL = Losses di T/L LGI = Losses di GI (TT/TM)
LGD= Losses di Gardu dist. (TM/TR) LJTM=Losses di JTM LJTR = Losses di JTR
LSR = Losses di Sambungan Rumah.
ESTT, ESTM, ESTR = Energy sales ke pelanggan TT, TM dan TR
C/SBTT, C/SBTM, C/SBTR = Pencurian dan kesalahan baca meter di sisi TT, TM dan TR
MV lines MV/LV S/S LV networks
HV/MV S/S
HV
Electricity MV MV LV
For
A Better
Life
Energy sent to Energy sent to Energy sent to

MV busbar of MV busbar of LV busbar MV/LV S/S
HV/MV S/S MV/LV S/S own use
TLMV Lines Technical ESMV TLDT ESLV

Losses in MV lines Energy sales to Technical Energy sales to
MV customers Losses in LV customers
MV/LV S/S
NTLMV lines TLLV network NTLLV network

Non Technical Technical Non Technical
Losses in MV lines Losses in LV Losses in LV
networks networks
Energy Flow in a Distribution System

Where do losses happen in distribution networks ?
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
MV Lines
Distribution
Transformers
LV Lines & Consumer

Connections
SUSUT (LOSSES)
1. Susut teknis disebabkan oleh hilangnya energi di jaringan
Electricity
For
A Better
distribusi (JTM, Trafo Distribusi JTR dan SR dalam bentuk
Life
energi panas (I2R.t).
2. Susut Non Teknis disebabkan oleh Pencurian, Pemakaian
Tanpa Meter, Kesalahan baca meter.
3. Susut Non Teknis selain menimbulkan kerugian dalam bentuk
berkurangnya energi terjual, juga menimbulkan tambahan
susut teknis di jaringan akibatnya menambah Energi yang
harus dikirim.
4. Manfaat mengurangi Susut Non Teknis :
- Menambah Energi terjual dalam bentuk energi
terselamatkan
- Menurunkan susut teknis di jaringan dalam hal pencurian
dihentikan dengan demikian mengurangi energi yang harus
dikirim
Susut Beban nol dan Susut Beban Trafo Distribusi menurut
Electricity
For
SPLN No. 50 1997
A Better
Life
Kapasitas Rugi besi Rugi belitan
(kVA) (W) (W)
50 150 800
100 300 1600
160 400 2000
200 480 2500
250 600 3000
315 770 3900
400 930 4600
500 1100 5500
630 1300 6500
800 1750 9100
1000 2300 12100
1250 2500 15000
1600 3000 18100
2000 3600 21000
2500 4000 25000
KELOMPOK VEKTOR
Electricity
For Ada empat macam transformator yang dibedakan oleh kelompok
A Better
Life
vektor dan titik netralnya, yaitu :
• Kelompok vektor Yzn5
Dipakai pada transformator berkapasitas sampai dengan 160 kVA
• Kelompok vektor Dyn5
Dipakai pada transformator berkapasitas 200 kVA sampai dengan
2500 kVA
• Kelompok vektor YNyn0
Kelompok vektor ini digunakan pada transformator yang akan dipa-
sang pada sistem jaringan distribusi fasa-tiga, 4 kawat.
• Kelompok vektor YNd5
Kelompok vektor ini digunakan pada transformator pembangkit (mi-
sal PLTD).
Representasi Transformator Distribusi
Electricity R1 x1
For
A Better
Life
RFE XM
R1 : tahanan seri urutan positif trafo

X1 : reaktansi seri ututan positif trafo
RFE : tahanan parallel (shunt) trafo (penyebab iron loss = rugi besi)
XM : reaktansi parallel (shunt) trafo (penyebab arus magnetisasi di kumparan
primer trafo).
Rugi-rugi (losses) pada Trafo Distribusi (1/3)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Losses pada Trafo terdiri atas 3 kategori (bagian),

yaitu :
1. Rugi tanpa beban (biasa disebut iron loss atau
rugi besi)
2. Rugi beban (biasa disebut copper loss atau rugi
tembaga)
3. Stray loss
Rugi-rugi (losses) pada Trafo Distribusi (2/3)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Rugi besi timbul pada lapisan (laminasi) inti trafo dan
disebabkan oleh energi yang dikonsumsi akibat adanya
arus Eddy dan penomena hysteresis pada meterial ini
trafo saat trafo diberi tegangan.
Rugi tembaga terjadi pada belitan trafo dan disebabkan
panas yang hilang berupa rugi I2R. Besarnya rugi beban
adalah sebanding dengan kuadrat beban trafo.
Stray losses timbul pada terminal-terminal serta tangki
trafo dan besarnya sebanding dengan susut beban.
TERJADINYA ARUS EDDY (EDDY CURRENT)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life EDDY CURRENT
I
TERJADINYA HYSTERISIS
Electricity
For
A Better
Life B
H
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Susut daya dan energy pada trafo 200 kVA sebagai fungsi loading dan load factor
Electricity
For
A Better Load Factor
Life Susut daya
Beban trafo 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
(Watt)
Susut Energi Susut Energi Susut Energi Susut Energi Susut Energi
% kVA Besi Belitan (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%)
10 20 480 25 4.213 28.29 4.224 14.18 4.238 9.49 4.256 7.14 4.276 5.74
20 40 480 100 4.237 14.23 4.282 7.19 4.339 4.86 4.408 3.70 4.490 3.01
30 60 480 225 4.278 9.58 4.378 4.90 4.506 3.36 4.662 2.61 4.845 2.17
40 80 480 400 4.334 7.28 4.513 3.79 4.741 2.65 5.018 2.11 5.344 1.79
50 100 480 625 4.407 5.92 4.687 3.15 5.042 2.26 5.475 1.84 5.984 1.61
60 120 480 900 4.497 5.03 4.899 2.74 5.411 2.02 6.034 1.69 6.767 1.51
70 140 480 1225 4.602 4.41 5.149 2.47 5.847 1.87 6.694 1.61 7.692 1.48
80 160 480 1600 4.723 3.96 5.438 2.28 6.349 1.78 7.457 1.56 8.760 1.47
90 180 480 2025 4.861 3.63 5.766 2.15 6.919 1.72 8.320 1.55 9.970 1.49
100 200 480 2500 5.015 3.37 6.132 2.06 7.556 1.69 9.286 1.56 11.322 1.52
110 220 480 3025 5.185 3.17 6.537 2.00 8.259 1.68 10.353 1.58 12.817 1.56
120 240 480 3600 5.372 3.01 6.980 1.95 9.030 1.68 11.521 1.61 14.454 1.62
130 260 480 4225 5.574 2.88 7.462 1.93 9.867 1.70 12.791 1.65 16.233 1.68
140 280 480 4900 5.793 2.78 7.982 1.91 10.772 1.72 14.163 1.70 18.155 1.74
Susut daya dan energy pada trafo 200 kVA sebagai fungsi loading dan load factor
Electricity
For
A Better Load Factor
Life Susut daya
Beban trafo 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
(Watt)
Susut Energi Susut Energi Susut Energi Susut Energi Susut Energi
% kVA Besi Belitan (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%) (MWh) (%)
10 20 480 25 4.299 4.81 4.326 4.15 4.355 3.66 4.388 3.27 4.424 2.97
20 40 480 100 4.583 2.56 4.689 2.25 4.807 2.02 4.938 1.84 5.081 1.71
30 60 480 225 5.056 1.89 5.295 1.69 5.561 1.56 5.855 1.46 6.176 1.38
40 80 480 400 5.719 1.60 6.143 1.47 6.616 1.39 7.138 1.33 7.709 1.29
50 100 480 625 6.570 1.47 7.232 1.39 7.972 1.34 8.787 1.31 9.680 1.30
60 120 480 900 7.611 1.42 8.565 1.37 9.629 1.35 10.804 1.34 12.089 1.35
70 140 480 1225 8.841 1.41 10.139 1.39 11.588 1.39 13.187 1.41 14.936 1.43
80 160 480 1600 10.260 1.44 11.956 1.43 13.848 1.45 15.936 1.49 18.221 1.53
90 180 480 2025 11.868 1.48 14.014 1.49 16.409 1.53 19.052 1.58 21.944 1.64
100 200 480 2500 13.666 1.53 16.316 1.57 19.272 1.62 22.535 1.68 26.105 1.75
110 220 480 3025 15.652 1.59 18.859 1.64 22.436 1.71 26.384 1.79 30.704 1.87
120 240 480 3600 17.828 1.66 21.644 1.73 25.902 1.81 30.600 1.90 35.741 2.00
130 260 480 4225 20.194 1.74 24.672 1.82 29.668 1.92 35.183 2.02 41.216 2.13
140 280 480 4900 22.748 1.82 27.942 1.91 33.737 2.02 40.132 2.14 47.129 2.26
Susut energi pada trafo sebagai fungsi loading dan load factor,
pada trafo 200 kVA
Electricity
For 30.00
A Better
Life
25.00
20.00
Susut energi (%)
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Loading trafo (%)
LF = 0.1 LF = 0.2 LF = 0.3 LF = 0.4 LF = 0.5

Susut energi pada trafo sebagai fungsi loading dan load factor,
pada trafo 200 kVA
Electricity
For 6.00
A Better
Life
5.00
4.00
Susut energi (%)
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Loading trafo (%)
LF = 0.6 LF = 0.7 LF = 0.8 LF = 0.9 LF = 1.0
Trafo 400 kVA, jumlah penyulang TR : 6
Analisa susut daya per penyulang TR
Electricity
For Power Factor : 0.85
Load Factor0.68
A Better :
Life Loss Factor0.50
:
Sent Out Power (MW)
TIC 50 TIC 70 TIC 95 TIC 120 TIC 150 TIC 185 TIC 240
0.054334 0.054220 0.0541497 0.0541115 0.054085 0.05406097 0.0540389
0.0545198 0.054347 0.0542412 0.0541837 0.0541435 0.05410759 0.054074
0.0547082 0.054476 0.054333 0.0542563 0.0542024 0.05415439 0.054110
0.054899 0.054606 0.054426 0.0543293 0.0542616 0.05420136 0.0541456
0.0550923 0.054737 0.0545197 0.0544027 0.0543211 0.05424852 0.0541814
0.0552881 0.054869 0.0546137 0.0544764 0.0543808 0.0542959 0.0542174
0.0554865 0.0550022 0.0547084 0.0545506 0.0544409 0.05434338 0.0542534
0.0556876 0.0551368 0.0548038 0.0546252 0.0545012 0.05439109 0.054290
0.0558914 0.055273 0.054900 0.054700 0.0545618 0.05443898 0.0543258
0.056098 0.055410 0.0549964 0.0547757 0.0546226 0.05448706 0.0543622
0.0563075 0.055548 0.0550938 0.0548516 0.0546838 0.05453533 0.0543987

Trafo 400 kVA, jumlah penyulang TR : 6
Analisa susut daya per penyulang TR
Power Factor : 0.85
Electricity
Load Factor : 0.68
For Loss Factor : 0.50
A Better
Life
Panjang Susut Daya (MW)
penyulang L TIC 50 TIC 70 TIC 95 TIC 120 TIC 150 TIC 185 TIC 240
(km)
0.050 0.00036542 0.00025166 0.0001814 0.00014325 0.00011654 9.2713E-05 7.0617E-05

0.67% 0.46% 0.33% 0.26% 0.22% 0.17% 0.13%
0.075 0.00055152 0.00037915 0.00027299 0.00021545 0.00017521 0.00013933 0.00010609
1.01% 0.70% 0.50% 0.40% 0.32% 0.26% 0.20%
0.100 0.00073995 0.00050776 0.00036518 0.00028804 0.000234 0.00018613 0.00014167
1.35% 0.93% 0.67% 0.53% 0.43% 0.34% 0.26%
0.125 0.00093078 0.00063753 0.00045799 0.00036103 0.00029335 0.00023311 0.00017737
1.70% 1.17% 0.84% 0.66% 0.54% 0.43% 0.33%
0.150 0.00112407 0.00076846 0.00055142 0.00043441 0.00035283 0.00028027 0.00021318
2.04% 1.40% 1.01% 0.80% 0.65% 0.52% 0.39%
0.175 0.00131988 0.00090059 0.00064548 0.0005082 0.00041258 0.0003276 0.0002491
2.39% 1.64% 1.18% 0.93% 0.76% 0.60% 0.46%
0.200 0.00151828 0.001034 0.000740 0.00058239 0.00047261 0.00037513 0.00028513
2.74% 1.88% 1.35% 1.07% 0.87% 0.69% 0.53%
0.225 0.00171934 0.0011685 0.00083553 0.00065699 0.00053291 0.00042283 0.00032128
3.09% 2.12% 1.52% 1.20% 0.98% 0.78% 0.59%
0.250 0.00192314 0.00130433 0.00093153 0.00073201 0.0005935 0.00047072 0.00035754
3.44% 2.36% 1.70% 1.34% 1.09% 0.86% 0.66%
0.275 0.002130 0.00144145 0.0010282 0.00080745 0.00065438 0.0005188 0.00039392
3.80% 2.60% 1.87% 1.47% 1.20% 0.95% 0.72%
0.300 0.00233923 0.001580 0.00112553 0.00088332 0.00071554 0.00056707 0.00043041
4.15% 2.84% 2.04% 1.61% 1.31% 1.04% 0.79%
PERKIRAAN SUSUT JTR
L
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Kapasitas Jumlah Panjang Luas penampang Tegangan

Trafo jurusan kVA/ jurusan jurusan (L) konduktor dititik Terjauh Susut daya
(kVA) feeder TR (m) (mm2) (Volt) (%) (kW) (%)
50 2 25 300 35 370.12 97.40 1.00 2.36

100 4 25 300 35 370.12 97.40 2.01 2.36
160 4 40 300 50 367.72 96.77 3.81 2.80
200 5 40 300 50 367.72 96.77 4.76 2.80
250 5 50 300 70 369.35 97.20 5.13 2.41
315 5 63 300 70 364.10 95.81 11.42 3.60
400 6 67 300 70 365.93 96.30 10.73 3.18
630 8 79 300 70 363.22 95.58 20.33 3.79
1000 8 125 300 95 359.90 94.71 37.26 4.37
1600 10 160 300 95 358.89 94.45 60.38 4.43
Catatan : Belum termasuk susut pada trafo

Electricity
For Analisa Susut di JTM
A Better Panjang penyulang 30 km
Life
Beban diujung
LF 0.65
LLF 0.49
Energi dikirim
Beban Puncak Susut Daya Daya dikirim *) **) Susut Energy
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MWh) (%)
1.00 0.01918 1.01918 5803.19 82.44 1.421
2.00 0.08002 2.08002 11843.62 344.00 2.904
3.00 0.18868 3.18868 18156.33 811.12 4.467
4.00 0.35348 4.35348 24788.73 1519.61 6.130
5.00 0.58621 5.58621 31807.86 2520.09 7.923
6.00 0.90444 6.90444 39313.87 3888.15 9.890
*) Pada saat beban puncak
**) Selama 1 tahun
Electricity
For Analisa Susut di JTM
A Better Panjang penyulang = 30 km, AAAC 150 mm2
Life Beban merata
LF 0.65
LLF 0.49
Daya dikirim Enersi dikirim

Beban Puncak Susut Daya *) **) Susut Enersi
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MWh) (MWh) (%)
1.00 0.01013 1.01013 5751.69 43.55 0.76

2.00 0.04183 2.04183 11626.16 179.81 1.55
3.00 0.09730 3.09730 17636.05 418.31 2.37
4.00 0.17922 4.17922 23796.48 770.46 3.24
5.00 0.29080 5.29080 30125.81 1250.14 4.15
6.00 0.43603 6.43603 36646.73 1874.46 5.11
*) Pada saat beban puncak

**) Selama satu tahun
Pengaruh Load Factor pada susut (Demand Side Management)
Electricity
For 20 kV
AAAC 150 mm2
A Better
Life
P
10 km
Cosφ = 0.85
Energy Energy Load Loss Peak

consump. sent Factor Factor Load Peak Power Loss Energy loss
(MWh) (MWh) (MW) (MW) (%) (MWh) (%)
30000 31588.83 0.40 0.23 8.56 0.7818 8.37 1588.83 5.03

31453.83 0.45 0.28 7.61 0.5997 7.30 1453.83 4.62
31351.92 0.50 0.33 6.85 0.4749 6.48 1351.92 4.31
31272.18 0.55 0.38 6.23 0.3855 5.83 1272.18 4.07
31208.05 0.60 0.43 5.71 0.3192 5.30 1208.05 3.87
31155.34 0.65 0.49 5.27 0.2687 4.85 1155.34 3.71
31111.23 0.70 0.55 4.89 0.2294 4.48 1111.23 3.57
31073.77 0.75 0.62 4.57 0.1981 4.16 1073.77 3.46
31041.56 0.80 0.69 4.28 0.1728 3.88 1041.56 3.36
Electricity
Momen Beban Maksimum Untuk Beberapa Ukuran
For
A Better Penampang Konduktor
Life
Konduktor Momen Beban Max Konduktor Momen Beban Max
(MVA.km) (MVA.km)
AAAC 16 mm2 9.21 XLPE 35 mm2 21.05

AAAC 25 mm2 13.48 XLPE 50 mm2 27.56
AAAC 35 mm2 18.17 XLPE 70 mm2 38.76
AAAC 50 mm2 24.45 XLPE 95 mm2 50.77
AAAC 70 mm2 30.36 XLPE 120 mm2 62.62
AAAC 95 mm2 37.49 XLPE 150 mm2 74.22
AAAC 120 mm2 45.35 XLPE 185 mm2 88.67
AAAC 150 mm2 52.15 XLPE 240 mm2 108.92
AAAC 185 mm2 57.86 XLPE 300 mm2 129.63
AAAC 240 mm2 68.22 XLPE 400 mm2 151.18
Catatan :
Susut Tegangan di titik terjauh : 5 %, power factor = 0.85
Pendekatan Perencanaan Makro
Electricity
For
A Better Ada hubungan yang erat antara kebutuhan fisik
Life
fasilitas sistem distribusi, yaitu :
• JTM (Jaringan Tegangan Menengah) (kms)
• GD (gardu distribusi) (MVA)
• JTR (Jaringan Tegangan Rendah) (kms)
dengan :
• Penjualan Energi (Energy Sales) (GWh),
• Beban Puncak (MW)
•Jumlah Pelanggan yang dilayani,
• Daya Tersambung (MVA) dan
• Kerapatan Beban (MW/km2)
• Design Criteria / Planning Criteria.
Korelasi antara Fasilitas Terpasang Distribusi
Electricity
dengan Energy Sales Distribusi
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi JTM (kms/ 100 MWh Sales (TM+TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 1.391 1.391 1.486 1.719 1.759 1.771 1.724 1.724 1.764
2 Sumut 0.585 0.723 0.672 0.655 0.688 0.592 0.592 0.573 0.576
3 Sumbar & Riau 0.684 0.817 0.666 0.685 0.688 0.768 0.599 0.561 0.560
4 S2JB, Lampung & Babel 0.505 0.543 0.584 0.635 0.777 0.759 0.740 0.721 0.651
Sumatera 0.630 0.726 0.699 0.725 0.791 0.753 0.710 0.684 0.662
5 Kalbar 0.684 0.880 1.107 1.224 1.221 1.195 1.134 1.066 1.071
6 Kalselteng & Kaltim 0.475 0.545 0.594 0.625 0.621 0.593 0.587 0.592 0.727
Kalimantan 0.526 0.624 0.712 0.766 0.769 0.741 0.719 0.710 0.813
7 Suluttenggo 1.410 1.283 1.170 1.155 1.170 1.234 1.144 1.066 1.054
8 Sulselra 0.915 0.930 0.900 0.961 0.943 1.011 0.935 0.886 0.881
Sulawesi 1.090 1.055 0.994 1.028 1.020 1.089 1.006 0.949 0.942
9 Maluku 1.064 1.218 1.261 1.349 1.375 1.632 2.588 1.811 1.671
10 Papua 0.513 0.519 0.539 0.505 0.514 0.546 0.521 0.481 0.503
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 0.499 0.646 0.640 0.697 0.644 0.604 0.560 0.499 0.440
12 PLN Batam 0.204 0.426 0.304 0.228 0.189 0.160 0.149 0.134 0.118
Luar Jawa 0.657 0.742 0.733 0.766 0.791 0.770 0.730 0.693 0.687
13 Jakarta & Tanggerang 0.074 0.073 0.065 0.060 0.071 0.067 0.061 0.058 0.062
14 Jabar & Banten 0.191 0.193 0.185 0.175 0.193 0.182 0.168 0.159 0.159
15 Jateng & DIY Yogyakarta 0.525 0.491 0.488 0.500 0.514 0.478 0.442 0.449 0.404
16 Jatim 0.279 0.281 0.282 0.278 0.296 0.261 0.249 0.238 0.235
Jawa 0.212 0.207 0.201 0.197 0.218 0.204 0.189 0.183 0.182
Indonesia 0.309 0.320 0.313 0.319 0.351 0.334 0.311 0.301 0.299
Kebutuhan JTM/100 MWh Sales (TM+TR) : 0.06 – 1.8 kms, sangat

tergantung pada kerapatan beban dan kondisi geografis.
Electricity
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi JTR (kms/ 100 MWh Sales (TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 2.430 2.424 2.651 2.611 2.483 2.513 2.473 2.473 2.375
2 Sumut 1.074 1.081 1.193 1.113 1.113 1.026 1.045 0.903 0.905
3 Sumbar & Riau 1.110 1.684 1.062 1.027 0.971 0.690 0.807 0.703 0.728
Sumatera 1.161 1.205 1.294 1.251 1.181 1.106 1.097 0.991 0.988
5 Kalbar 1.166 1.142 1.463 1.434 1.189 1.453 1.686 1.454 1.398
Kalimantan 0.983 1.043 1.107 1.074 1.028 1.058 1.019 0.952 1.026
7 Suluttenggo 1.552 1.484 1.434 1.285 1.346 1.344 1.233 1.083 1.048
8 Sulselra 1.322 1.279 1.375 1.269 1.265 1.278 1.206 1.024 1.038
Sulawesi 1.403 1.352 1.396 1.275 1.293 1.301 1.215 1.045 1.042
9 Maluku 0.970 0.970 0.951 0.973 0.773 1.079 2.187 1.539 1.414
10 Papua 1.194 1.263 1.156 0.999 1.450 1.032 0.965 0.898 0.853
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 0.903 1.134 1.125 1.044 1.008 0.957 0.854 0.727 0.713
12 PLN Batam 0.090 0.227 0.272 0.250 0.211 0.217 0.175 0.146 0.140
Luar Jawa 1.123 1.172 1.234 1.175 1.126 1.090 1.061 0.947 0.950
14 Jabar & Banten 0.883 0.850 0.773 0.705 0.724 0.785 0.728 0.642 0.674
16 Jatim 0.831 0.825 0.825 0.901 0.818 0.742 0.783 0.649 0.665
Jawa 0.712 0.681 0.647 0.624 0.629 0.625 0.613 0.547 0.556
Indonesia 0.827 0.816 0.811 0.782 0.775 0.762 0.746 0.666 0.675
Kebutuhan JTR/100 MWh Sales (TR) : 0.01 – 2.6 kms, sangat tergantung
pada kerapatan beban dan kondisi geografis.
Electricity
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi Gardu Distribusi (kVA/ 100 MWh Sales (TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 94.89 86.91 85.37 78.44 74.62 73.92 71.04 71.04 67.10
2 Sumut 70.90 90.68 91.22 81.94 75.60 72.14 72.76 67.38 66.55
3 Sumbar & Riau 71.21 123.03 76.65 66.86 60.66 56.85 50.06 44.75 48.38
Sumatera 79.30 89.62 84.97 75.78 72.38 66.05 64.82 65.36 63.22
5 Kalbar 76.74 66.28 74.03 69.69 54.03 61.17 59.65 53.00 52.44
Kalimantan 67.93 72.14 75.28 70.05 58.96 59.94 55.04 51.94 51.68
7 Suluttenggo 95.15 92.20 83.91 78.91 75.80 70.29 67.42 60.28 63.04
8 Sulselra 82.12 78.48 74.24 70.22 66.61 63.37 59.71 50.73 51.14
Sulawesi 86.76 83.38 77.66 73.26 69.81 65.79 62.40 54.10 55.40
9 Maluku 72.90 75.86 80.29 66.79 52.77 72.21 106.19 78.72 72.33
10 Papua 60.18 63.81 59.90 52.97 82.73 51.35 49.47 45.62 56.62
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 57.73 59.69 63.87 62.10 56.44 53.37 64.15 54.56 53.42
12 PLN Batam 142.48 79.73 134.57 109.74 77.52 81.85 88.41 80.13 78.91
Luar Jawa 76.01 80.90 79.66 72.56 67.47 63.54 63.24 60.22 59.34
14 Jabar & Banten 77.47 68.93 58.27 49.75 49.75 53.61 75.42 67.34 70.40
16 Jatim 87.06 82.41 75.88 89.22 79.41 72.11 96.31 79.54 84.12
Jawa 80.29 74.85 69.08 67.76 66.72 63.87 74.97 66.14 67.71
Indonesia 79.09 76.52 72.03 69.14 66.94 63.77 71.48 64.37 65.18
Kebutuhan Trafo Dist./100 MWh Sales (TR) : 50 – 80 kVA, tergantung pada

tingkat loading trafo, Load Factor serta power factor.
dengan Jumlah Pelanggan Distribusi
Electricity
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi JTM (kms/ 100 pelanggan (TM+TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 1.29 1.35 1.46 1.65 1.66 1.60 1.52 1.48 1.45
2 Sumut 1.02 1.26 1.18 1.16 1.18 1.13 1.11 1.11 1.08
3 Sumbar & Riau 1.01 0.90 0.89 0.96 1.01 1.17 0.98 0.97 0.98
Sumatera 1.00 1.08 1.06 1.12 1.22 1.23 1.18 1.18 1.13
5 Kalbar 1.08 1.32 1.55 1.72 1.82 1.83 1.81 1.72 1.72
Kalimantan 0.95 1.09 1.19 1.27 1.30 1.30 1.33 1.31 1.51
7 Suluttenggo 1.30 1.21 1.14 1.19 1.22 1.33 1.38 1.39 1.36
8 Sulselra 0.88 0.90 0.90 1.00 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.02
Sulawesi 1.03 1.01 0.98 1.06 1.06 1.12 1.15 1.16 1.14
9 Maluku 1.26 1.46 1.51 1.63 1.65 1.66 2.44 1.80 1.71
10 Papua 0.89 0.88 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.93 0.92 0.88 0.94
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 0.65 0.88 0.90 1.03 1.03 0.97 0.99 0.96 0.84
12 PLN Batam 1.36 2.53 2.01 1.56 1.27 1.15 1.19 0.88 0.72
Luar Jawa 0.96 1.05 1.06 1.13 1.18 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.16
14 Jabar & Banten 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.48
16 Jatim 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.49 0.48 0.47
Jawa 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.54 0.53 0.52
Indonesia 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.73 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.75 0.74
Kebutuhan JTM/100 pelanggan (TM+TR) : 0.4 – 1.7 kms, sangat tergantung

Electricity
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi JTR (kms/ 100 pelanggan (TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 1.91 1.97 2.18 2.09 2.00 1.95 1.88 1.82 1.83
2 Sumut 1.23 1.22 1.33 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.15 1.12
3 Sumbar & Riau 1.25 1.16 1.19 1.21 1.21 0.90 1.13 1.06 1.12
Sumatera 1.28 1.26 1.40 1.37 1.32 1.29 1.30 1.29 1.27
5 Kalbar 1.43 1.48 1.66 1.65 1.71 1.81 2.10 2.00 1.89
Kalimantan 1.20 1.28 1.31 1.31 1.37 1.38 1.38 1.38 1.49
7 Suluttenggo 1.24 1.22 1.21 1.13 1.21 1.26 1.23 1.25 1.21
8 Sulselra 1.10 1.06 1.16 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.09 1.05 1.05
Sulawesi 1.15 1.12 1.18 1.11 1.14 1.16 1.13 1.12 1.10
9 Maluku 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.93 0.95 1.77 1.37 1.30
10 Papua 1.97 1.89 1.74 1.59 1.50 1.63 1.59 1.55 1.52
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 0.86 1.14 1.17 1.14 1.18 1.14 1.10 1.07 1.06
12 PLN Batam 0.45 1.19 1.05 0.93 0.87 0.87 0.76 0.58 0.51
Luar Jawa 1.19 1.22 1.31 1.28 1.27 1.26 1.26 1.24 1.25
14 Jabar & Banten 1.01 0.97 0.92 0.89 0.91 1.01 0.99 0.95 0.95
16 Jatim 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.79 0.83 0.81 0.84
Jawa 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.86 0.87
Indonesia 1.02 1.00 1.01 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 0.99 1.00
Kebutuhan JTR/100 pelanggan (TR) : 0.9 – 1.9 kms, sangat tergantung pada
kerapatan beban dan kondisi geografis.
Electricity
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi Gardu Distribusi (kVA/ 100 pelanggan (TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 74.75 70.62 70.26 62.92 60.04 57.26 53.98 52.30 51.72
2 Sumut 81.52 102.24 101.80 91.04 83.23 84.63 81.54 85.80 82.57
3 Sumbar & Riau 80.20 84.73 86.10 78.68 75.81 73.81 69.94 67.72 74.33
Sumatera 87.07 93.60 91.63 83.25 80.76 77.26 76.60 84.76 81.55
5 Kalbar 93.91 85.63 84.16 80.20 77.61 76.14 74.33 72.89 71.04
Kalimantan 82.63 88.74 89.31 85.25 78.43 78.47 74.83 75.15 75.08
7 Suluttenggo 76.25 75.89 70.82 69.48 68.28 65.76 67.23 69.60 72.94
8 Sulselra 68.09 65.31 62.88 60.87 57.85 55.22 53.82 52.01 51.82
Sulawesi 71.06 69.11 65.70 63.85 61.40 58.74 58.19 57.74 58.76
9 Maluku 70.30 73.89 78.35 66.15 63.26 63.53 86.08 70.04 66.41
10 Papua 99.26 95.62 90.27 84.45 85.79 81.23 81.24 78.91 101.06
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 55.15 59.78 66.35 68.02 66.21 63.64 82.69 80.42 79.17
12 PLN Batam 717.23 419.39 521.23 409.25 320.56 329.55 384.12 316.55 285.57
Luar Jawa 80.21 84.38 84.43 79.05 75.87 73.40 75.37 79.11 77.95
14 Jabar & Banten 88.87 78.39 69.63 62.63 62.45 68.67 102.49 99.75 98.94
16 Jatim 90.41 85.57 77.09 79.24 79.69 76.48 102.63 98.82 105.66
Jawa 106.68 98.82 92.21 90.73 90.00 89.10 107.16 104.42 105.33
Indonesia 97.97 94.12 89.66 86.86 85.31 83.83 96.47 95.87 96.05
Kebutuhan Trafo Dist./100 pelanggan (TR) : 50 – 290 kVA, tergantung pada , VA

tersambung per pelanggan, tingkat loading trafo, Load Factor serta power factor.
Electricity
dengan Daya Tersambung Distribusi
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi JTM (kms/ MVA tersambung (TM+TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 20.49 20.71 21.39 21.40 20.98 20.58 20.62
2 Sumut 10.91 10.85 11.32 10.83 10.41 10.14 9.76
3 Sumbar & Riau 9.94 10.57 11.05 12.39 9.99 9.41 9.36
4 S2JB, Lampung & Babel 9.01 10.18 12.70 12.47 12.23 12.24 10.98
Sumatera 10.86 11.44 12.61 12.59 11.80 11.50 10.89
5 Kalbar 15.86 18.32 19.92 19.68 19.28 17.94 17.57
6 Kalselteng & Kaltim 9.75 10.34 10.43 10.12 10.24 9.98 12.53
Kalimantan 11.30 12.37 12.82 12.54 12.46 11.97 13.83
7 Suluttenggo 14.26 14.70 15.35 16.48 16.28 15.87 15.22
8 Sulselra 10.62 11.65 11.42 11.87 11.80 11.53 11.15
Sulawesi 11.86 12.67 12.69 13.36 13.22 12.91 12.47
9 Maluku 16.79 18.11 18.65 18.76 25.48 21.02 19.86
10 Papua 7.51 7.15 7.52 7.79 7.52 7.10 7.45
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 9.35 10.40 10.31 9.20 8.88 8.23 6.95
12 PLN Batam 4.19 3.77 3.28 2.86 2.84 2.26 1.95
Luar Jawa 10.85 11.57 12.22 12.09 11.67 11.20 10.89
13 Jakarta & Tanggerang 1.23 1.17 1.30 1.29 1.23 1.19 1.19
14 Jabar & Banten 3.68 3.56 3.95 3.97 3.38 3.59 3.54
15 Jateng & DIY Yogyakarta 7.10 8.61 8.88 8.61 8.05 7.83 7.40
16 Jatim 4.44 4.33 4.63 4.31 4.30 4.08 4.04
Jawa 3.56 3.65 3.96 3.90 3.64 3.63 3.54
Indonesia 5.33 5.64 6.13 6.08 5.73 5.67 5.52
Kebutuhan JTM/MVA tersambung (TM+TR) : 1.2 – 20.6 kms, sangat

tergantung pada kerapatan beban dan kondisi geografis.
Electricity
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi JTR (kms/ MVA tersambung (TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 34.76 29.62 28.85 28.80 29.32 27.31 27.64
2 Sumut 16.93 15.88 15.88 15.54 16.20 14.13 13.50
3 Sumbar & Riau 15.12 15.21 15.07 10.74 13.04 11.58 11.82
Sumatera 18.11 17.75 17.10 16.48 16.81 15.36 14.97
5 Kalbar 20.28 20.57 19.44 22.35 26.58 23.33 21.63
Kalimantan 15.53 15.60 16.00 16.30 16.09 15.13 16.24
7 Suluttenggo 17.03 15.79 17.00 17.24 16.99 15.77 14.97
8 Sulselra 15.99 14.99 15.05 14.80 14.53 12.93 12.74
Sulawesi 16.35 15.26 15.70 15.60 15.31 13.84 13.47
9 Maluku 11.65 12.08 10.48 11.97 21.85 17.54 16.29
10 Papua 15.93 14.42 13.84 14.77 14.02 13.29 12.73
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 14.59 13.98 14.18 12.85 11.94 10.73 10.21
12 PLN Batam 3.53 3.52 2.91 3.43 2.88 2.20 2.01
Luar Jawa 16.57 16.12 15.82 15.49 15.58 14.18 13.95
14 Jabar & Banten 12.39 11.80 12.31 13.17 13.54 11.37 11.09
16 Jatim 10.78 11.72 10.70 9.95 10.97 9.17 9.42
Jawa 9.86 9.82 9.83 9.85 10.20 8.91 8.76
Indonesia 11.91 11.82 11.72 11.64 11.94 10.57 10.41
Kebutuhan JTR/ MVA tersambung (TR) : 2.0 – 27.6 kms, sangat tergantung
Electricity
For
A Better Wilayah/ Distribusi Gardu Distribusi (MVA/ MVA tersambung (TR))
Life 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 NAD 1.12 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.84 0.78 0.78
2 Sumut 1.29 1.17 1.08 1.09 1.13 1.05 0.99
3 Sumbar & Riau 1.09 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.81 0.74 0.79
Sumatera 1.19 1.07 1.05 0.98 0.99 1.01 0.96
5 Kalbar 1.03 1.00 0.88 0.94 0.94 0.85 0.81
Kalimantan 1.06 1.02 0.92 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.82
7 Suluttenggo 1.00 0.97 0.96 0.90 0.93 0.88 0.90
8 Sulselra 0.86 0.83 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.64 0.63
Sulawesi 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.79 0.79 0.72 0.72
9 Maluku 0.98 0.83 0.72 0.80 1.06 0.90 0.83
10 Papua 0.83 0.76 0.79 0.73 0.72 0.68 0.84
11 Bali, NTT & NTB 0.83 0.83 0.79 0.72 0.90 0.81 0.76
12 PLN Batam 1.75 1.55 1.07 1.29 1.46 1.21 1.13
Luar Jawa 1.07 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.93 0.90 0.87
14 Jabar & Banten 0.93 0.83 0.85 0.90 1.40 1.19 1.16
16 Jatim 0.99 1.16 1.04 0.97 1.35 1.12 1.19
Jawa 1.05 1.07 1.04 1.01 1.25 1.08 1.07
Indonesia 1.06 1.04 1.01 0.97 1.14 1.02 1.00
Kebutuhan Trafo Dist./ MVA tersambung (TR) : 0.6 – 1.2 MVA, tergantung
pada tingkat loading trafo, Load Factor serta power factor.
KORELASI PANJANG JTM DENGAN JUMLAH TRAFO DIST.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Jumlah GD/ 10 kms JTM
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 Wilayah NAD 7.052 6.913 6.278 5.521 5.317 5.366 5.318 5.398 5.374
2 Wilayah Sumut 7.462 7.387 7.445 7.319 7.073 7.345 7.329 7.047 6.967
3 Wilayah Sumbar & Riau 5.983 7.181 7.361 7.071 6.717 5.756 6.608 6.585 6.162
4 Wilayah S2JB, Lambung & Babel 7.684 7.401 6.479 6.741 4.986 5.105 4.640 4.684 5.143
5 Wilayah Kalbar 8.480 7.155 6.470 5.861 5.580 5.614 5.638 5.807 5.590
6 Wilayah Kalselteng & Kaltim 8.641 7.810 7.775 6.775 6.962 7.960 6.729 6.789 5.317
7 Wilayah Suluttenggo 6.506 7.009 7.274 6.854 6.504 6.134 6.009 5.910 5.911
8 Wilayah Sulselra 5.141 8.907 8.168 7.792 8.397 7.379 7.708 7.408 7.512
9 Wilayah Maluku N/A 6.539 6.089 5.733 5.490 5.490 5.439 5.490 5.490
10 Wilayah Papua 8.639 8.679 8.400 8.323 8.219 7.653 7.573 7.866 7.771
11 Wilayah NTT, NTB & Bali 8.055 7.314 7.722 6.652 6.631 6.699 6.760 6.760 7.982
12 Batam 8.303 3.732 3.635 4.640 4.853 5.196 5.345 6.148 6.845
Luar Jawa 7.656 7.457 7.239 6.820 6.461 6.399 6.313 6.249 6.213
13 Dist. Jakarta & Tanggerang 10.467 9.881 10.110 10.421 9.765 9.744 9.815 9.838 9.535
14 Dist. Jabar & banten 9.393 9.373 9.163 9.405 9.123 9.211 9.151 9.219 9.339
15 Dist. Jateng & Yogyakarta 20.228 35.860 21.648 21.853 22.148 21.823 21.793 20.878 20.878
16 Dist. Jatim 17.236 16.146 11.845 11.789 11.052 11.048 13.813 14.083 13.750
Jawa 15.512 20.379 14.350 14.640 14.269 14.193 14.833 14.691 14.524
Indonesia 11.871 14.069 10.836 10.607 10.186 10.063 10.326 10.205 10.104
KORELASI PANJANG JTR DENGAN JUMLAH TRAFO DIST.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Panjang JTR (kms)/ GD
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
1 Wilayah NAD 2.099 2.107 2.380 2.302 2.268 2.266 2.317 2.283 2.349
2 Wilayah Sumut 1.614 1.312 1.510 1.453 1.467 1.449 1.437 1.471 1.493
3 Wilayah Sumbar & Riau 2.072 1.804 1.813 1.772 1.795 1.333 1.739 1.671 1.850
4 Wilayah S2JB, Lambung & Babel 1.721 1.731 2.302 2.063 2.030 2.246 2.268 2.283 2.264
5 Wilayah Kalbar 1.552 1.562 1.661 1.641 1.680 1.763 2.061 2.000 1.974
6 Wilayah Kalselteng & Kaltim 1.425 1.544 1.440 1.578 1.611 1.405 1.436 1.444 1.744
7 Wilayah Suluttenggo 1.471 1.438 1.463 1.389 1.532 1.542 1.487 1.526 1.504
8 Wilayah Sulselra 2.426 1.325 1.585 1.417 1.327 1.493 1.358 1.358 1.367
9 Wilayah Maluku 0.330 0.993 1.011 1.032 1.024 1.045 1.332 1.385 1.385
10 Wilayah Papua 2.565 2.477 2.288 2.208 2.045 2.287 2.275 2.246 2.079
11 Wilayah NTT, NTB & Bali 1.659 1.769 1.684 1.671 1.740 1.760 1.646 1.646 1.585
12 Batam 0.401 1.264 1.432 1.282 1.417 1.463 1.184 1.064 1.028
Luar Jawa 1.620 1.559 1.708 1.658 1.658 1.654 1.684 1.692 1.738
13 Dist. Jakarta & Tanggerang 2.279 2.252 2.064 2.058 2.072 2.089 2.021 2.267 2.288
14 Dist. Jabar & banten 2.338 2.167 2.108 2.007 2.023 2.165 2.145 2.125 2.096
15 Dist. Jateng & Yogyakarta 0.598 0.329 0.545 0.515 0.522 0.540 0.547 0.552 0.559
16 Dist. Jatim 1.010 1.081 1.454 1.418 1.536 1.536 1.242 1.203 1.289
Jawa 1.124 0.829 1.138 1.083 1.111 1.151 1.101 1.111 1.142
Indonesia 1.272 1.018 1.326 1.273 1.293 1.321 1.289 1.300 1.337
JUMLAH PELANGGAN RATA-RATA PER TRAFO DIST.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Sumbar- S2JB, Lpg., Kalselteng Suluttenggo Sulselra
NAD Sumut Riau Babel Kalbar Kaltim
1994 110 131 166 154 109 129 118 221

1995 107 108 156 154 106 128 118 125
1996 109 113 152 172 100 122 121 136
1997 110 118 147 147 99 134 123 129
1998 114 120 148 162 98 130 126 121
1999 116 120 149 158 97 115 123 134
2000 123 123 154 169 98 130 121 125
2001 125 128 157 164 100 128 122 129
2002 128 133 166 167 104 131 124 130
Maluku Papua NTT, NTB Batam Jaya & Tgr Jabar Jateng Jatim
Bali
1994 35 130 192 89 224 231 65 117

1995 105 131 156 106 228 224 40 126
1996 109 131 144 136 234 228 67 173
1997 107 139 146 138 234 226 65 177
1998 111 136 147 162 240 222 65 187
1999 110 140 154 168 243 215 65 195
2000 75 143 149 156 246 217 66 149
2001 101 145 154 185 253 223 68 149
2002 107 137 150 203 258 221 70 154
FORMULASI PERHITUNGAN KEBUTUHAN FISIK
DISTRIBUSI (1/5)
Electricity
For 1. Peningkatan Penjualan (Sales Growth)
A Better
Life  JTM =  Peak Load (TM)/ Peak Load Av JTM * L Av (JTM) / CF(TM) * C(INT)
 Trafo Dist. =  Peak Load (TR)/CF(TR)/Max. Loading/PF * C(INT)
 JTR =  Trafo Dist/ Unit Size Av * (N-jurusan)Av (JTR) * L Av (JTR)
Keteranganan :
Peak Load (TM) : Pertambahan beban puncak di sisi TM
Peak Load (TR) : Pertambahan beban puncak di sisi TR
Peak Load Av JTM : Beban Puncak yang diperbolehkan pada feeder TM
(MW)
L Av (JTM) : Panjang rata-rata feeder TM (km)
L Av (JTR) : Panjang rata- rata feeder TR (km)
CF(TM) : Coincident Factor di sisi TM (0.952)
CF(TR) : Coincident Factor di sisi TR (0.910)
C(INT) : Koefisien intensifikasi (0<C(INT)<1)
N-jurusan Av (JTR) : Jumlah feeder TR rata-rata/ trafo dist.
Electricity
Catatan :
For
A Better • Program Peningkatan Sales (Sales Growth) merupakan antisipasi
Life untuk mengakomodasi pertumbuhan beban (baik dari pelanggan
baru dan pelanggan tersambung).
• Dalam menyusun rencana perluasan perlu diperhatikan kriteria
desain (penyambungan pelanggan baru jangan mengakibatkan
kriteria desain dilanggar).
• Kebutuhan Fisik yang dihitung dari formula diatas seharusnya sudah
mengakomodir program penurunan susut teknis.
• Program Peningkatan Sales hendaknya di ‘back-up’ dengan analisa
Least Cost dan apabila dirasakan diperlukan dapat pula dengan
analisa Benefit to Cost atau FIRR(Financial Rate of Return).
Electricity
For
A Better KARAKTERISTIK BEBAN
Life
Electricity
DEFINISI
For
A Better
Life
DEMAND
THE DEMAND OF AN INSTALLATION IS THE LOAD AT THE
RECEIVING TERMINALS AVERAGED OVER A SPECIFIC INTERVAL
OF TIME - UNITS kW, MW
DEMAND INTERVAL
THE PERIOD OVER WHICH THE LOAD IS AVERAGED :
• LENGTH RELATED TO THERMAL TIME CONSTANT OF THE
APPARATUS
• LENGTH DETERMINED BY THE PARTICULAR APPLICATION
• 15, 30, OR 60 MINUTE DEMAND INTERVAL USUAL FOR
DISTRIBUTION STUDIES
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
MAXIMUM DEMAND
THE GREATEST OF ALL DEMANDS WHICH HAVE
OCCURRED DURING THE SPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME :
• UNITS : kW, kVA, kVAr
• DEMAND INTERVAL AND THE PERIOD (WEEK, MONTH,
SEASON, ETC. MUST BE SPECIFIED)
CONNECTED LOAD
THE SUM OF THE CONTINUOUS RATINGS OF THE LOAD
CONSUMING APPARATUS CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM OR ANY
PART THEREOF
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
DEMAND FACTOR - DF
MAXIMUM DEMANDOF A SYSTEM

DF   1.0
TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF THE SYSTEM W HICH COULD BE IN SERVICE
UTILIZATION FACTOR - UF
UF   1.0
RATED CAPACITY OF THE SYSTEM
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
LOAD FACTOR - LDF
AVERAGELOAD OVER A DESIGNATED PERIODOF TIME

LDF   1.0
PEAK LOAD OCCURRING IN THAT PERIOD
EQUIVALENT PEAK TIME - EPT
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND

EPT 
PEAK DEMAND
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
LOSS FACTOR - LSF
AVERAGEPOW ERLOSS
LSF   1.0
PEAK POW ER LOSS
EQUIVALENT PEAK LOSS TIME - EPT
AVERAGEPOW ERLOSS X HRS IN PERIOD

EPLT 
PEAK POW ER LOSS
Electricity
For
A Better
Life HUBUNGAN ANTARA LOAD FACTOR
DAN LOSS FACTOR
LSF = c(LDF) + (1 - c) (LDF)2
TRANSMISI : C = 0.3
DISTRIBUSI : C = 0.15
Electricity DIVERSITY FACTOR - DF
For
A Better
Life
SUM OF INDIVIDUAL MAXIMUM DEMANDS
DF   1.0
MAXIMUM DEMAND OF THE COMPONENT LOADS
COINCIDENT FACTOR - CF
1
CF   1.0
DF
DIVERSITY FACTOR - DF
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SUM OF
INDIVIDUAL MAXIMUM DEMANDS AND THE
MAXIMUM DEMAND OF THE COMPOSITE
LOAD.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
PERHITUNGAN SUSUT TEGANGAN DAN
SUSUT DAYA DAN SUSUT ENERGI
SISTEM ARUS SEARAH
Electricity
For
A Better R
Life I
+
- US UR Load
Susut tegangan : 2 IR
Diagram Vektor Arus dan Tegangan
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
UR
US
I 2IR
Single Phase (2 kawat-phase to phase)
Electricity
For
A Better R + jX
Kawat fasa
Life I
US UR Load
R + jX
Kawat fasa
Susut tegangan : 2 (IRCos φ + IX sin φ)

Single Phase (2 kawat-phase to neutral)
Electricity
For Kawat fasa
A Better RF + jXF
Life I
US UR Load
RN + jXN
Kawat Netral
Susut tegangan : I(RF+RN)Cos φ + I(XF+XN)sin φ

Diagaram Vektor Arus dan Tegangan
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
US
j2IX
UR
2IR
φ I
Three Phase (3 kawat)
Electricity
RS R + jX RR
For IR
A Better
Life
Load
US UR
R + jX
IS
TR
TS Load
Load
US UR
R + jX
IT
SS SR
Susut tegangan : 3 (IRCos φ + IX sin φ)

REPRESENTASI SISTEM KELISTRIKAN
Electricity
For
RS IR RR
A Better
Life
VRS VRR
ER
ES
SS IS SR
ET IT
TS TR
VTS VTR
Dalam studi load flow, biasanya beban sistem 3 fasa dianggap

seimbang (balanced), sehingga sistem dapat direpresentasikan
dalam model fasa tunggal dan dianalisa sebagai sistem fasa
tunggal
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
(FASA TUNGGAL)
I RF + j XF
Eg VS VR
Beban
Electricity
For
A Better
Life ONE – LINE DIAGRAM (1)
S PS + jQS PR + jQR R
US I UR
PLR + jQLR
SUSUT TEGANGAN (VOLTAGE DROP) - BEBAN INDUKTIF
(PENDEKATAN APROKSIMASI)
Electricity
For V
A Better
Life VS I.RF.Cos  I.XF.Sin 
s
VR
I.XF
I.RF
V = /VS/- /VR/ = I (RF.Cos  + XF.Sin  ) [V, kV]
U = /US/- /UR/ = 3 I (RF.Cos  + XF.Sin  ) [V, kV]
U = PL/U (RF + XF.Tan  ) [V, kV]

SUSUT TEGANGAN (VOLTAGE DROP) - BEBAN KAPASITIF
PENDEKATAN APROKSIMASI
Electricity
For
A Better I
Life
I.RF.Cos 
s VS I.XF.Sin 
V
I.XF
I.RF
VR

SUSUT DAYA
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
P = /PS/- /PR/ = 3.I2 R [W, kW, MW]
P = PL2/ (Cos2  .U2).R [W, kW, MW]
P = SL2/ U2.R [W, kW, MW]
DARI PERSAMAAN DIATAS TERLIHAT BAHWA :
• SUSUT DAYA AKAN MENJADI MINIMAL APABILA FAKTOR DAYA

(POWER FACTOR) = 1.0
• SUSUT DAYA BERBANDING LURUS DENGAN KWADRAT BEBAN
• BERBANDING TERBALIK DENGAN KWADRAT TEGANGAN
• BERBANDING LURUS DENGAN TAHANAN
• BERBANDING LURUS DENGAN PANJANG FEEDER
SUSUT ENERGI
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
E = P.LSF.8760 [kWh, MWh]
E = P.EPLT [kWh, MWh]

KORELASI ANTARA PANJANG FEEDER TM DENGAN
Electricity
For BEBAN PUNCAK FEEDER (1/7)
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Urban

P
l (km) P (MW) L(km) Ltot (km) Ptot (MW) MW/ km Momen bbn l
(MVA.km)
1 1.03 5 12 12.40 1.03 37.67
P P
2 0.96 10 24 11.52 0.48 70.03
3 0.64 15 36 7.68 0.21 70.03 l l
4 0.48 20 48 5.76 0.12 70.03 P
l l P
5 0.38 25 60 4.61 0.08 70.03
P
6 0.32 30 72 3.84 0.05 70.03 P
l l l
7 0.27 35 84 3.29 0.04 70.03
l l
8 0.24 40 96 2.88 0.03 70.03
9 0.21 45 108 2.56 0.02 70.03
10 0.19 50 120 2.30 0.02 70.03 P P
Catatan : l
l panjang seksi (km) l
P Beban puncak titik beban (MW)
P P
Ptot Beban puncak feeder (MW)
Ltot Panjang total feeder (km)
L bagian feeder yang terpanjang (km)
Susut Tegangan dititik terjauh : 5 %
Konduktor : AAAC 240 mm 2
Electricity
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Urban

P
l (km) P (MW) L(km) Ltot (km) Ptot (MW) MW/ km Momen bbn l
(MVA.km)
1 0.77 5 12 9.19 0.77 27.93 P P
2 0.73 10 24 8.76 0.36 53.24
3 0.49 15 36 5.84 0.16 53.24 l l
4 0.36 20 48 4.38 0.09 53.24 P P
5 0.29 25 60 3.50 0.06 53.24 l l
P
6 0.24 30 72 2.92 0.04 53.24 P l
7 0.21 35 84 2.50 0.03 53.24 l l
l
8 0.18 40 96 2.19 0.02 53.24 l
9 0.16 45 108 1.95 0.02 53.24
10 0.15 50 120 1.75 0.01 53.24 P P
Catatan : l
l panjang seksi (km) l
P P
Electricity BEBAN PUNCAK FEEDER (3/7)
For
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Urban
l (km) P (MW) L(km) Ltot (km) Ptot (MW) MW/ km Momen Bbn.
(MVA.km)
2 1.98 12 12 9.92 0.83 70.03
l P l P l l P l P
3 1.32 18 18 6.61 0.37 70.03 P
4 0.99 24 24 4.96 0.21 70.03
5 0.79 30 30 3.97 0.13 70.03
6 0.66 36 36 3.31 0.09 70.03
7 0.57 42 42 2.83 0.07 70.03
8 0.50 48 48 2.48 0.05 70.03
9 0.44 54 54 2.20 0.04 70.03
10 0.40 60 60 1.98 0.03 70.03
Catatan :
l panjang seksi (km)
Susut Tegangan di titik terjauh : 5 %
Konduktor : AAAC 240 mm2
Electricity
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Urban
(MVA.km)
2 1.51 12 12 7.54 0.63 53.24
3 1.01 18 18 5.03 0.28 53.24
4 0.75 24 24 3.77 0.16 53.24
5 0.60 30 30 3.02 0.10 53.24
6 0.50 36 36 2.51 0.07 53.24
7 0.43 42 42 2.16 0.05 53.24
8 0.38 48 48 1.89 0.04 53.24
9 0.34 54 54 1.68 0.03 53.24 l l l l l
P P P P P
10 0.30 60 60 1.51 0.03 53.24
Catatan :
Electricity
For
BEBAN PUNCAK FEEDER (5/7)
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Sub-Urban
(MVA.km)
1 1.38 5 9 12.40 1.38 40.52 P P
2 1.19 10 18 10.71 0.60 70.03
3 0.79 15 27 7.14 0.26 70.03 l l
4 0.60 20 36 5.36 0.15 70.03 P P
5 0.48 25 45 4.29 0.10 70.03 l l
P
6 0.40 30 54 3.57 0.07 70.03 P l
7 0.34 35 63 3.06 0.05 70.03 l l
l l
8 0.30 40 72 2.68 0.04 70.03
9 0.26 45 81 2.38 0.03 70.03
10 0.24 50 90 2.14 0.02 70.03 P P
Catatan :
Electricity
For
BEBAN PUNCAK FEEDER (6/7)
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Sub-Urban
(MVA.km)
1 1.02 5 9 9.19 1.02 30.03 P
2 0.91 10 18 8.15 0.45 53.24 P
3 0.60 15 27 5.43 0.20 53.24 l l
4 0.45 20 36 4.07 0.11 53.24 P P
5 0.36 25 45 3.26 0.07 53.24 l l
6 0.30 30 54 2.72 0.05 53.24 P
P l l l
7 0.26 35 63 2.33 0.04 53.24
8 0.23 40 72 2.04 0.03 53.24 l l
9 0.20 45 81 1.81 0.02 53.24
10 0.18 50 90 1.63 0.02 53.24 P P
Catatan :
Electricity
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Rural
P
(MVA.km)
5 0.62 35 45 3.12 0.07 106.49 l
9 0.35 63 81 1.73 0.02 106.49
10 0.31 70 90 1.56 0.02 106.49
15 0.21 105 135 1.04 0.01 106.49 P
5l l P l
20 0.16 140 180 0.78 0.00 106.49
25 0.12 175 225 0.62 0.00 106.49
Catatan :
P Beban puncak titik beban (MW) P
Electricity Jaringan Tegangan Rendah Untuk Daerah
For
A Better Dengan Kerapatan Beban Tinggi (Urban)
Life
l
L
Gardu Dist
Pelanggan
Jaringan Tegangan Rendah Untuk Daerah
Electricity Dengan Kerapatan Beban Rendah (Rural)
For
A Better
Life
W
L
Gardu Dist
Pelanggan
DISTRIBUSI (2/5)
Electricity
For 2. Peningkatan Keandalan (Reliability)
A Better
Life • Pembenahan sistem proteksi
• Rekonfigurasi jaringan dari radial ke ‘open loop’ atau
spindel (SAIFI)
• Otomatisasi Jaringan dengan tujuan menurunkan
angka lama gangguan (SAIDI)
• Motorized LBS, autoreclosers dan autosectionalizers
dengan tujuan menurunkan angka frekuensi
gangguan (SAIFI)
• Pemeliharaan dalam keadaan bertegangan (PDKB)
 SAIFI & SAIDI
• Penggunaan konduktor berisolasi, tree guard (SAIFI)
• UPS (uninteruptible Power Supply)  (SAIFI)
Catatan :
Perlu di ‘back-up’ dengan analisa yang detil (kapasitas dan
lokasi penempatan), disertai analisa ekonomis (‘Benefit to Cost’
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Index Keandalan Beberapa Konfigurasi
Electricity
For Sistem Distribusi
A Better
Life
SAIFI CAIDI SAIDI
(kali/th./plg) (menit/ggn) (menit/th/plg)
Simple Radial 0.3 – 1.3 90 27 - 117

Primary Auto Loop 0.4 – 0.7 65 26 - 46
Underground Resident 0.4 – 0.7 60 24 - 42
Primary Selective 0.1 – 0.5 180 18 - 90
Secondary Selective 0.1 – 0.5 180 18 - 90
Spot Network 0.02 – 0.1 180 3.6 - 18
Grid Network 0.005 – 0.02 135 0.675-2.7
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEANDALAN SISTEM
A Better
Life DISTRIBUSI
1. CIRCUIT EXPOSURE & LOAD DENSITY

2. SUPPLY CONFIGURATION
3. VOLTAGE LEVEL
Electricity
For • CIRCUIT EXPOSURE AND LOAD DENSITY
A Better
Life
Longer circuits cause more interruptions. Even though

we can compensate by adding reclosers, fuses, extra
switching points, or automation. Most of the change is
in SAIFI; the repair time (CAIDI) is less dependent on
circuit lengths.
It is easier to provide reliability in urban areas: circuit
lengths are shorter; more reliable distribution systems
(such as grid network) are more economical. Utilities
with higher load densities tend to have better SAIFI’s.
• SUPPLY CONFIGURATION
Electricity
For
A Better
Life The distribution supply configuration greatly impacts
reliability. Long radial circuits provide the poorest
service; grid networks provide exeptionally reliable
service
SAIFI CAIDI MAIFI
Int./cust./yr. minutes/ int. mom. int/cust./yr
• Simple radial 0.3 to 1.3 90 5 to 10
• Primary auto-loop 0.4 to 0.7 65 10 to 15
• Underground 0.4 to 0.7 60 4 to 8
residential
• Primary selective 0.1 to 0.5 180 4 to 8
• Secondary selective 0.1 to 0.5 180 2 to 4
• Spot network 0.02 to 0.1 180 0 to 1
• Grid network 0.005 to 0.02 135 0
Note that repair time (CAIDI) increases for thr more urban configurations. Being underground and dealing
with traffic increases the time for repairs.
•VOLTAGE
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Higher primary voltages tend to be more unreliable,
mainly higher-voltage circuits can have much longer
lines, and much more customers.
Electricity
For
GENERAL WAYS TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY
A Better
Life • Reduce faults (tree trimming, tree wire, animal guard, arresters,
circuit patrols, etc.).
• Find and repair faults faster (faulted circuit indicators, outage
management system, crew staffing, etc.)
• Limit the number of customers interrupted (more fuses, reclosers,
and sectionalizers)
• Only interrupt customers for permanent faults (reclosers instead of
fuses, fuse saving schemes)
LANGKAH-LANGKAH PERBAIKAN KEANDALAN
Electricity SISTEM DISTRIBUSI
For
A Better
Life 1. Identifikasi alternatif proyek
2. Perkiraan Biaya masing-masing alternatif
3. Perkiraan perbaikan keandalan masing-masing alternatif
4. Ranking alternatif berdasarkan Cost/ Benefit Ratio
Catatan :
Perkiraan Biaya biasanya mudah dan cepat, sementara
perkiraan benefit (reliability improvement) biasanya tidak
sesederhana itu.
Langkah yang penting dalam perbaikan keandalan adalah
menentukan indeks keandalan mana yang hendak
dioptimalkan, SAIDI, atau SAIFI, atau kombinasi keduanya.
Electricity Radial System
For
Beban
A Better
Life
GD TM/TR
Beban
GD TM/TR
Circuit
Breaker AVR
GI TT/TM
Bus TM
GD TM/TR GD TM/TR
Beban Beban
Circuit Primary Auto-Loop System
Electricity Breaker
For
A Better
Life
N.C N.C
Bus TM1
Beban Beban
N.O
GD TM/TR GD TM/TR
Circuit
Breaker
N.C N.C
Bus TM2
Beban Beban
GD TM/TR GD TM/TR
Primary Selective System
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker
Bus TM1 Bus TM2
Auto Change over

switch
GD TM/TR
Beban
Secondary Selective System
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker
GD TM/TR 1 GD TM/TR 2
Bus TM1 Bus TM2
Breaker1 Breaker2
Breaker3 Auto Change

(n.o)
over switch
Beban1 Beban2
Flower system (Singapore)
Electricity Ke GI 66/22
For kV lain
A Better
Life
Ke GI 66/22
kV lain
66/22kV
66/22kV SOURC
SOURC E
E S/S Y
S/S X
Legend :
66/ 22 kV S/S Ke GI 66/22

kV lain
22 kV cable (ring)
22 kV interconnction cable
22kV/LV distribution subst.
NC Network Cut
Spot Network System
Electricity
For Bus TM
A Better
Life
Circuit Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker Breaker
GD TM/TR 1 GD TM/TR 2 GD TM/TR 3
Protector Protector Protector
Fuse Fuse Fuse
Tie Tie
Bus TR
Feeder
NC NC
TR
Beban Beban Beban

Bus TM Circuit
Electricity
Breaker Grid Network
For
A Better
System
Life
GD TM/TR
Beban
SISTEM SPINDEL
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
GI A
GH
Dirancang dengan kriteria keandalan N-1

Utilisasi Jaringan : (N-1)/N
Untuk sistem spindel dengan jumlah penyulang beban 6,
Utilisasi jaringan = 6/7*100 = 85.7 %
SISTEM RADIAL
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
GH
GI A
Utilisasi Jaringan : 1/1 = 100 %

Tidak ada kapasitas cadangan  Kriteria keandalan (N-0)
SISTEM RADIAL INTERCONNECTED
Electricity
For
A Better (OPEN LOOP SYSTEM)
Life
GI A GI B
N.O.

Ada kapasitas cadangan  Kriteria keandalan (N-1)
A Radial System With alternative
Feeding points
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Normally Open
LBS
Normally Open
LBS
HV/ MV Subst. C
HV/ MV Subst. A
Normally Open
LBS
HV/ MV Subst.B

Ada kapasitas cadangan  Kriteria
keandalan (N-1)
CAUSES OF FAILURES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Electricity
For
CAUSES OF OUTAGES
A Better
Life
EXTERNAL CAUSES INTERNAL CAUSES
OVERVOLTAGES.
UNDERGROUND INST. OVERHEAD INST.
OVERCURRENTS
MECHANICAL DISTURBANCES WEATHER, RAINS, WIND

OVERLOADS
LIGHTNING SURGES
LAND VEHICLE
POOR INSTALLATION
EQUIPMENT FAILURES
LIGHTNING SURGES
THROUGH OVERHEAD LINES USE OF UNSTANDARDIZED
EQUIPMENT
ANIMALS
LAND DEFORMATION AGING

VEGETATION
DISTRIBUSI (3/5)
Electricity
For
A Better 3. Peningkatan PQ (Power Quality)
Life
• Pemasangan AVR (mitigasi voltage drop/ voltage

sag  Voltage Support)
• Pemasangan Kapasitor (Voltage Support)
• Pemasangan Filter untuk menghilangkan
Harmonik
• Perbaikan pada sistem pentanahan (grounding)
Catatan :
lokasi penempatan), disertai analisa ekonomis (‘Benefit to
Cost’ atau Financial Internal Rate of Return)
Electricity
For
A Better POWER QUALITY ISSUES
Life
1. HARMONICS
2. FLICKER
3. UNBALANCE
4. VOLTAGE DIPS
5. LONG INTERRUPTIONS
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Dampak Harmonik pada Arus di Sistem (1/2)
Electricity
For
Fundamental
A Better Fundamental + 5th harmonic (10 %)
Life
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
Fundamental + 3rd harmonic (10 %) Fundamental + 7th harmonic (10 %)

1 1.5
0.8
1
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.2
0 0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
1
3
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
-0.2
-0.5
-0.4
-0.6
-1
-0.8
-1 -1.5
Dampak Harmonik pada Arus di Sistem (2/2)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Fundamental +2nd harmonic (10 %) Fundamental + 4th harmonic (10 %)
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
1
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
40
43
46
49
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-1.5 -1.5
Fundamental + 6th harmonic (10 %)

1.5
0.5
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
-0.5
-1
-1.5
DISTRIBUSI (4/5)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
4. Penurunan Susut Teknis
• Penambahan Titik Pasokan (Gardu Induk TT/ TM)
baru
• Perkuatan segment feeder TM
• Pemasangan Kapasitor di Jaringan Tegangan
Menengah dan Tegangan Rendah
• Pengencangan atau penggantian connector
(reconnector).
• Penyeimbangan beban
Catatan :
lokasi penempatan), disertai analisa ekonomis (‘Benefit to
Cost’ atau Financial Internal Rate of Return atau Least
Cost)
Electricity
For
DISTRIBUSI (5/5)
A Better
Life
5. Rehabilitasi
Dapat diperkirakan berdasarkan prosentase dari

jumlah Aset Distribusi yang beroperasi.
Catatan :
Perlu di ‘back-up’ dengan database lengkap usia
peralatan, kondisi peralatan yang beroperasi, serta
masa pakai (life time) dari masing-masing peralatan.
Perencanaan Detail (1/3)
Electricity
For
1. Analisa Aliran Daya (Load Flow Study)
A Better
Life
• Mengetahui susut tegangan pada feeder TM/TR

• Memprakirakan pembebanan feeder.
• Menghitung rugi-rugi (susut) daya dan energi pada
feeder.
• Menentukan kompensasi daya reaktif yang
diperlukan guna memperbaiki faktor daya (power
factor) serta mengurangi susut daya dan energi pada
feeder.
MODEL SISTEM DISTRIBUSI DALAM
Electricity
For PERENCANAAN (1)
A Better
Life
• Untuk keperluan analisa teknis (load flow, short
circuit), maka perlu dibuat model dari sistem
distribusi hingga dapat dilakukan berbagai
simulasi sistem pada berbagai kondisi jaringan
dan beban
• Perlu sedikit pemahaman mengenai karakteristik
beban (kurva beban, load factor, loss factor dsb.)
• Model Jaringan Distribusi (Penyulang TM, Trafo
Distribusi, Penyulang TR, dll.), beserta
parameternya (series impedance & shunt
impedance)
BEBAN KONSUMEN (CUSTOMER LOADS)
Electricity UNTUK KEPERLUAN ANALISA ALIRAN DAYA, BEBAN PELANGGAN BIASA
For DIKELOMPOKKAN DALAM DUA JENIS :
A Better
Life • BEBAN CONSTANT IMPEDANCE, PERALATAN DENGAN IMPEDANSI
KONSTAN BESARNYA. KONSUMSI DAYANYA BERUBAH SESUAI
DEMGAN BESARNYA TEGANGAN YANG DIAPLIKASIKAN PADANYA
CONTOHNYA :
- LAMPU PIJAR
- ELECTRIC WATER HEATER
- ELECTRIC OVEN
- PENGERING PAKAIAN LISTRIK
• BEBAN CONSTANT POWER, PERALATAN DENGAN SIFAT ‘NEGATIVE
IMPEDANCE’, DIMANA KONSUMSI DAYANYA KONSTAN, TAK
TERPENGARUH OLEH BESARNYA TEGANGAN YANG DIAPLIKASIKAN,
CONTOHNYA :
- LAMPU TL (FLUORESCENT LAMP)
- PERALATAN ELECTRONIC (RADIO, TV, COMPUTER)
- MOTOR 3 FASA
- MOTOR 1 FASA (DIATAS 1 HP)
- AC, REFRIGERATOR
Electricity
For
A Better
2
Life
MVA Constant - Impedance = V / ZL
MVA Constant - Power = V.I
Dimana :
V = Tegangan yang diaplikasikan pada beban
ZL = Impedansi beban
I = Arus yang mengalir pada beban
Electricity
For Analisa aliran daya merupakan alat bantu yang sangat berguna
A Better
Life
dalam proses perencanaan sistem distribusi, dimana
didalamnya banyak dilakukan analisa untuk pengambilan
keputusan menentukan alternatif dengan biaya termurah (least
Cost), yaitu antara lain :
• Pemilihan level tegangan pasokan suatu pusat beban
(dengan transmisi TT atau dengan feeder distribusi TM)
• Pemilihan ukuran penampang konduktor
• Penentuan kapasitas, lokasi dan waktu dibutuhkannya
Gardu Induk TT/ TM baru
• Analisa kebutuhan Voltage Regulator dan Kapasitor pada
jaringan distribusi TM
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
2. Analisa Hubung Singkat
• Dilakukan untuk mengetahui besarnya daya dan arus
yang terjadi pada saat terjadi hubung singkat pada
sistem.
• dengan diketahuinya daya dan arus hubung singkat,
maka setting relay proteksi yang benar dapat
dilakukan
• besarnya daya hubung singkat dipakai sebagai dasar
untuk pemilihan ukuran circuit breaker.
Kendala yang dihadapi
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
• Kuantitas komponen Sistem Distribusi yang cukup
besar, membuat persiapan database jaringan untuk
analisa aliran daya dan short circuit cukup sulit
• Pertumbuhan serta perubahan jaringan distribusi
yang cukup dinamis, seringkali menimbulkan
kesulitan untuk mendapatkan database jaringan
distribusi yang akurat dan “up-todate”.
• Belum semua Wilayah/ Distribusi memiliki tool
untuk perencanaan Sistem Distribusi.
Permasalahan distribusi sistem jawa-bali
Electricity
For
• Di Jawa-Bali yang kerapatan bebannya tinggi

A Better
Life
perluasan jaringan distribusi mengalami

hambatan karena sulitnya memperoleh perijinan
untuk pemasangan kabel terutama di kota-kota
besar.
• Gangguan jaringan yang sering terjadi akibat

beban lebih dan beberapa jaringan sudah
saatnya direhabilitasi.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Aplikasi Program Komputer untuk analisa dalam
Perencanaan Pengembangan Sistem Distribusi, antara
Lain :
• CADPAD
• CADPAW
• PSSU
• ETAPS
• PSS/ ADEPT
Contoh Perhitungan Aliran Daya Pada Feeder 20 kV
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Gardu Induk 150/ 20 kV
Feeder 20 kV
Titik Beban (gardu distribusi 20/0.4 kV)

Bus Data
Electricity
For Input Data
A Better
Life 1.Bus Data
Bus Load Capacitor Reactor Injected Q

No. P (MW) Q (Mvar) (Mvar) (Mvar) (Mvar)
1 0 0 0
2 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
3 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
4 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
5 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
6 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
7 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
8 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
9 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
10 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
11 0.6525 0.4044 0 0 0.4044
Total 6.5251 4.0439 0 0 4.0439
Feeder Segment Data
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
2. Feeder Segment Data
From To Section r (ohm/km) x (ohm/km) Series Capacitors Total series react.

Bus No. Bus No. Length (km) (ohm) (ohm)
1 2 3 0.15 0.3 0.9

2 3 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
3 4 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
4 5 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
5 6 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
6 7 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
7 8 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
8 9 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
9 10 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
10 11 3 0.15 0.3 0.9
Bus Calculation Result
Electricity
For
A Better Iteration No.44
Life
Bus
No. Voltg. Magn. Power Factor
(kV) (Cos Phi) Sin Phi
1 20.0000 0.82662 0.56277

2 19.6383 0.83049 0.55704
3 19.3120 0.83408 0.55165
4 19.0214 0.83736 0.54665
5 18.7668 0.84032 0.54210
6 18.5482 0.84291 0.53805
7 18.3658 0.84513 0.53456
8 18.2199 0.84695 0.53167
9 18.1103 0.84836 0.52942
10 18.0372 0.84934 0.52784
11 18.0007 0.85000 0.52678
Feeder Segment Calculation Result
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Iteration No.44
Feeder Segment
From To P-Flow Q-flow Current Magn. Voltage Drop Segment Losses
Bus No. Bus No. (MW) (MVar) (kA) Active (kV) Reactive(kV) Active(MW) Reactive(MVar)
1 2 6.827135 4.647958 0.238421 0.185831 0.371661 0.076740 0.153480

2 3 6.097885 4.090088 0.215865 0.168250 0.336501 0.062907 0.125814
3 4 5.382467 3.559884 0.192924 0.150370 0.300739 0.050247 0.100493
4 5 4.679710 3.055001 0.169630 0.132213 0.264426 0.038845 0.077690
5 6 3.988354 2.572921 0.146016 0.113808 0.227617 0.028783 0.057566
6 7 3.307061 2.110966 0.122123 0.095185 0.190371 0.020134 0.040268
7 8 2.634417 1.666308 0.097992 0.076377 0.152754 0.012963 0.025926
8 9 1.968943 1.235992 0.073666 0.057417 0.114834 0.007326 0.014652
9 10 1.309106 0.816950 0.049194 0.038343 0.076685 0.003267 0.006534
10 11 0.653329 0.406026 0.024622 0.019191 0.038382 0.000818 0.001637
Bus Voltage
Electricity
For
A Better
Bus Voltage (kV)
Life
20.50
20.00
19.50
19.00
18.50
18.00
17.50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Bus Nb.
Power Factor
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Pow er Factor
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.81
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Bus Nb.
Power Flow
Electricity
For
A Better
Pow er Flow (MW)
Life 8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Feeder Segm ent Nb.

Power Loss
Electricity
For
A Better
Pow er Loss (MW)
Life 0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FeederSegm ent Nb.
Electricity New Power Grid Concepts
For
A Better
Life
There are a variety of different approaches to
improving the operation of the electricity grid, some of
which involve replacing it entirely in specific locales.
All of these approaches are motivated by power
reliability and/or quality concerns, and all incorporate
DER (Distributed Energy Resources):
•Minigrids
•Power parks
•DC microgrids
•Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems
•Electrical load as a reliability resource
1. Minigrids
Electricity
For
A Better One application of DER is in minigrids — a set of generators and load-
Life
reduction technologies that supply the entire electricity demand to a
localized group of customers. By avoiding the cost of transmitting
electricity from a distant central-station power plant, or transporting fuel
from a distant supply source, a minigrid (sometimes called a "microgrid")
can significantly improve the economics of meeting energy needs using
DER.
Distributed generation involves adding modular electricity generators
close to the point of consumption on a power grid. Minigrids typically use
the same technologies employed by electric utilities in distributed power
applications, but are not always connected to the central grid. In some
cases, the generators and other distributed resources are installed to
relieve utility constraints on the existing grid, with a view to possibly
disconnecting these generators and their load from the grid at a later
date. In other cases, an electrically isolated minigrid is created; this
minigrid may then be integrated with the central grid if that option
becomes attractive. The essential point is that the generators in a
minigrid are capable of serving their load independently.
Using a mix of generating and demand-side-management technologies
gives the power supplier the flexibility to meet a wider range of loads.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
2. Power Parks
For
A Better
Life Traditionally, electric utilities have assured reliable service to what is
called "four nines," that is, power will be available 99.99% of the time.
But high-tech industries like internet server farms and computerized
banking systems demand much higher reliability, in the range of "nine
nines" (available 99.9999999% of the time). Creating this level of
reliability can potentially be achieved using traditional grid
technologies — for example, by supplying multiple power feeders to
the system and providing a backup line from a hydropower station —
but the cost is high, and the reliability is generally guaranteed at the
expense of service to other customers.
Power parks (also called "premium power parks") are an alternative
to the traditional approach. They may include uninterruptible power
supplies, such as battery banks, ultracapacitors, or flywheels. They
typically include an on-site power source to increase reliability.
2. Power Parks (continued)
Electricity
For
A Better One of the earliest power parks, built in 1998, is the PEI Power Park
Life
in Archibald, Pennsylvania. A combined heat and power plant there
is providing both steam and electricity to occupants of the park, the
first of which was Laminations, Inc.
In August 1999, American Electric Power and Siemens Power
Transmission & Distribution were selected by EPRI to develop a
premium power park at the Delaware Industrial Park in Delaware,
Ohio. The site was chosen because of its varied customer base and
load, the customer's power quality concerns, and the site's broad
spectrum of power quality needs.
In May 2000, the University Research Park adjacent to the
University of California Irvine campus was designated by DOE as a
power park, and will develop a number of distributed energy
resources to meet the park's power needs, including fuel cells, gas
turbine engines, microturbine generators and photovoltaics.
Another power park is being built by Hunt Power in McAllen and
Mission, Texas. The park will feature options for reliable on-site
power generation, as well as redundant telecommunications feeds.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
3. DC Microgrids
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Another concept for future power grids is to set up neighborhoods
that run entirely on direct current (DC). A high-voltage DC line would
interface to the rest of the grid through high-tech DC-to-AC
converters. DC systems are less vulnerable to power quality issues,
and digital devices run on DC current. DC systems also allow
distributed generation equipment to be connected directly to the
microgrid without using DC-to-AC converters at the power source.
According to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), the
converter technology needed to interface these DC microgrids with
the AC power grid should become cost-effective by 2005.
One future possibility is to use a loop of high-temperature
superconducting wire to carry the DC current. This power loop would
isolate customers from electrical system disturbances and provide
superior power quality.
For further information on electric grid technologies of the future, see
the EPRI Electricity Technology Roadmap, particularly Chapter 2,
"The Power System Challenge."
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
Flexible Alternating Current (AC) Transmission Systems, or
For FACTS
A Better
Life These systems incorporate high-current and high-voltage power
electronic devices to increase the carrying capacity of individual
transmission lines and improve overall system reliability by reacting
very quickly to grid disturbances.
Using such responsive electronics, the electric power industry
envisions converting the electric power grid to more of a networked
system, responding in real time to a broader dispersion of electric
generators, higher and less-predictable line loadings, and a vast
increase in transactions. The data and control system needed to
achieve such a system would likely be a dispersed network, much like
the Internet.
One technical problem in achieving this system is figuring out how to
decentralize the control of the system while still maintaining the
essential balance between electrical loads and electrical generation.
For a discussion of technological solutions to grid congestion,
including New York's $52 million FACTS project, see "Buying time with
technology", an article in Electrical World T&D, 1st Quarter 2002,
published by Platts.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
A Sample "Conversation"
So how will the smart energy network really operate? Here is one scenario.
Electricity
As morning gets under way, a generator software agent tells the network, "I have
For X megawatts of production capacity available today at Y price." The transmission
A Better
Life
system software agent responds, "I can carry those megawatts today for Z
dollars until midafternoon when extremely hot temperatures are forecast. At that
time, I expect to cut loads then to protect my lines."
Meanwhile down at the distribution level, smart appliances and equipment are
projecting the day’s power use to smart meters, which then report expected
demands to distribution software agents at substations. The aggregated
information indicates heavy afternoon load from air conditioners. That
information goes back to the transmission agent, which then can foresee a
midafternoon pinch. In response, the transmission agent posts an offering price
for demand reductions.
Distribution software agents communicate the offer to reduce demand to smart
meters, which then confer with their appliances and equipment and report back.
The distribution agents determine they can shut down enough water heaters
during high stress hours to meet the transmission system's need. So they post
demand reduction offers and the transmission agent accepts. Transmission lines
reduce loads and comfortably ride out the afternoon.
By the time people arrive home to take their after-work showers, most water
heaters will be back on, no one will be without hot water, and everyone involved
in the deal will receive a small credit on power bills. Through a real-time
conversation, the energy network has self-optimized a low-cost solution without
brownouts, blackouts or costly overbuilding of transmission lines.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
ANALISA ALIRAN DAYA

PADA FEEDER DISTRIBUSI
Electricity
For PENDAHULUAN (1)
A Better
Life
Analisa aliran daya pada jaringan Distribusi Tegangan Menengah
(TM) seringkali dilakukan dalam tahap perencanaan sistem
distribusi. Adapun kegunaannya antara lain untuk :
• Mengetahui drop tegangan pada feeder TM

• Memprakirakan pembebanan feeder
• Menghitung rugi-rugi (susut) daya dan energi pada feeder
• Menentukan kompensasi daya reaktif yang diperlukan guna
memperbaiki faktor daya (power factor) serta mengurangi
susut daya dan energi pada feeder
PENDAHULUAN (2)
Electricity
For
Perhitungan aliran daya merupakan alat bantu yang sangat
A Better
Life
berguna dalam proses perencanaan sistem distribusi, dimana
didalamnya banyak dilakukan analisa untuk pengambilan
keputusan menentukan alternatif dengan biaya termurah (least
Cost), yaitu antara lain :
• Pemilihan level tegangan pasokan suatu pusat beban
(dengan transmisi TT atau dengan feeder distribusi TM)
• Pemilihan ukuran penampang konduktor
• Penentuan kapasitas, lokasi dan waktu dibutuhkannya
Gardu Induk TT/ TM baru
• Analisa kebutuhan Voltage Regulator dan Kapasitor pada
jaringan distribusi TM
Hubungan antara Tegangan, Arus dan Daya
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Voltage I
Source
Load
+
Es (beban)
Volts - R (ohms)
Es = I x R (Volt) (1)
P = Es x I (Watts) (2)
P = I x R x I = I2R (3) P = Daya (Power)
Electricity
For R VRS = VRT = VST =
A Better
Life
3 x VRN = 3 x VSN = 3 x VSN
120 o
T S
Electricity
For
RS IR RR
A Better
Life
VRS VRR
ER
ES
SS IS SR
ET IT
TS TR
VTS VTR
Dalam studi load flow, biasanya beban sistem 3 fasa dianggap

seimbang (balanced), sehingga sistem dapat direpresentasikan
dalam model fasa tunggal dan dianalisa sebagai sistem fasa
tunggal
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
(FASA TUNGGAL)
I RF + j XF
Eg VS VR
Beban
Electricity
For
A Better
US I UR
PLR + jQLR
Electricity
For
A Better
I
US UR
PLR + jQLR
Electricity
For
MODEL FEEDER TM/ TR
A Better
Life
S R
RF + j XF
B/2 B/2
KETERANGAN (1) :
Electricity
For
S : Bus Pengiriman
A Better
Life
R : Bus Penerimaan
RF : Tahanan seri urutan positif feeder distribusi (ohm)
XF : Reaktansi seri urutan positif feeder distribusi (ohm)
B : Susceptance feeder (mho)
I : Arus yang mengalir pada feeder (Amper)
US : Tegangan antar fasa pada bus pengiriman (kV)
UR : Tegangan antar fasa pada bus penerimaan (kV)
VS : Tegangan fasa pada bus pengiriman (kV)
VR : Tegangan fasa pada bus penerimaan (kV)
KETERANGAN (2) :
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
PS : Daya aktif yang dikirim dari bus pemgiriman S ke bus
penerimaan R
QS : Daya reaktif yang dikirim dari bus pemgiriman S ke bus
penerimaan R
PR : Daya aktif yang diterima bus penerimaan R dari bus
pengiriman S
QR : Daya reaktif yang diterima bus penerimaan R dari bus
pengiriman S
PLR : Daya aktif yang dikonsumsi beban pada bus penerimaan R
QLR : Daya reaktif yang diterima bus penerimaan R dari bus
pengiriman S
 P : Susut Daya aktif yang terjadi sepanjang feeder
 Q : Daya reaktif yang tersimpan sepanjang feeder
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
Electricity
For WHAT ARE THEY ?
A Better
Life
•SERIES RESISTANCE (R)
•SERIES INDUCTANCE (L)
•SHUNT CAPACITANCE (C)
•SHUNT CONDUCTANCE (G)
WHY ARE THEY NEEDED ?
•LOAD FLOW STUDIES
•SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES
•ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC INDUCTION
•ELECTRIC FIELD CALCULATIONS
•ANALYSIS OF LINE PERFORMANCE
THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE MODELS (1/2)
Electricity
For
A Better
LBC
Life
RCC LCC
LAB
RBB LBB
LAC
RAA LAA
SERIES IMPEDANCE
LAA, LBB, LCC : SELF SERIES INDUCTANCES

LAB, LAC, LBC : MUTUAL SERIES INDUCTANCES
THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE MODELS (2/2)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life CAC
CAB CBC
CAG CBG CCG
SHUNT ADMITTANCE
CAB, CAC, CBC : SHUNT CAPACITANCE
BETWEEN CONDUCTORS
CAG, CBG, CCG : SHUNT CAPACITANCE
BETWEEN CONDUNTORS AND GROUND
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT SERIES
Electricity
For
IMPEDANCE MATRIX(1/2)
A Better
Life
-1
ZSC = A ZABC A
V0 ZSC I0
VSC = V1 = or I1
V2 Z012 I2
SYMMETRICAL COMPONENT SERIES IMPEDANCE
Electricity MATRIX(2/2)
For
A Better
Life
Z00 Z01 Z02
ZSC = Z10 Z11 Z12
Z20 Z21 Z22
FOR A SYMMETRICAL PHASE IMPEDANCE MATRIX, Z01 =

Z02 = Z10 = Z12 = Z20 = Z21 = 0
IN GENERAL, THE OFF-DIAGONAL TERMS ARE NON ZERO
Z00 = ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE (Z0)
Z11 = POSITIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
Z22 = NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE (Z2)
FOR TRANSMISSION LINE Z11 = Z22
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
BEBAN DAN KARAKTERISTIKNYA
BEBAN KONSUMEN (CUSTOMER LOADS)
Electricity UNTUK KEPERLUAN ANALISA ALIRAN DAYA, BEBAN PELANGGAN BIASA
For DIKELOMPOKKAN DALAM DUA JENIS :
A Better
Life • BEBAN CONSTANT IMPEDANCE, PERALATAN DENGAN IMPEDANSI
KONSTAN BESARNYA. KONSUMSI DAYANYA BERUBAH SESUAI
DEMGAN BESARNYA TEGANGAN YANG DIAPLIKASIKAN PADANYA
CONTOHNYA :
- LAMPU PIJAR
- ELECTRIC WATER HEATER
- ELECTRIC OVEN
- PENGERING PAKAIAN LISTRIK
• BEBAN CONSTANT POWER, PERALATAN DENGAN SIFAT ‘NEGATIVE
IMPEDANCE’, DIMANA KONSUMSI DAYANYA KONSTAN, TAK
TERPENGARUH OLEH BESARNYA TEGANGAN YANG DIAPLIKASIKAN,
CONTOHNYA :
- LAMPU TL (FLUORESCENT LAMP)
- PERALATAN ELECTRONIC (RADIO, TV, COMPUTER)
- MOTOR 3 FASA
- MOTOR 1 FASA (DIATAS 1 HP)
- AC, REFRIGERATOR
Electricity
For
A Better
2
Life
MVA Constant - Impedance = V / ZL
MVA Constant - Power = V.I
Dimana :
V = Tegangan yang diaplikasikan pada beban
ZL = Impedansi beban
I = Arus yang mengalir pada beban
BEBERAPA ISTILAH YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN
Electricity KARAKTERISTIK BEBAN
For
A Better
Life • DEMAND
• DEMAND INTERVAL
• MAXIMUM DEMAND
• CONNECTED LOAD
• DEMAND FACTOR (DF)
• UTILIZATION FACTOR (UF)
• LOAD FACTOR (LF)
• EQUIVALENT PEAK TIME (EPT)
• LOSS FACTOR (LSF)
• EQUIVALENT PEAK LOSS TIME (EPLT)
• DIVERSITY FACTOR (DF)
• COINCIDENCE FACTOR (CF)
Electricity
DEFINISI
For
A Better
Life
DEMAND
THE DEMAND OF AN INSTALLATION IS THE LOAD AT THE
RECEIVING TERMINALS AVERAGED OVER A SPECIFIC INTERVAL
OF TIME - UNITS kW, MW
DEMAND INTERVAL
THE PERIOD OVER WHICH THE LOAD IS AVERAGED :
• LENGTH RELATED TO THERMAL TIME CONSTANT OF THE
APPARATUS
• LENGTH DETERMINED BY THE PARTICULAR APPLICATION
• 15, 30, OR 60 MINUTE DEMAND INTERVAL USUAL FOR
DISTRIBUTION STUDIES
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
MAXIMUM DEMAND
THE GREATEST OF ALL DEMANDS WHICH HAVE
OCCURRED DURING THE SPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME :
• UNITS : kW, kVA, kVAr
• DEMAND INTERVAL AND THE PERIOD (WEEK, MONTH,
SEASON, ETC. MUST BE SPECIFIED)
CONNECTED LOAD
THE SUM OF THE CONTINUOUS RATINGS OF THE LOAD
CONSUMING APPARATUS CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM OR ANY
PART THEREOF
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
DEMAND FACTOR - DF

DF   1.0
TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF THE SYSTEM W HICH COULD BE IN SERVICE
UTILIZATION FACTOR - UF
UF   1.0
RATED CAPACITY OF THE SYSTEM
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
LOAD FACTOR - LDF

LDF   1.0
TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND

EPT 
PEAK DEMAND
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
LOSS FACTOR - LSF
AVERAGEPOW ERLOSS
LSF   1.0
PEAK POW ER LOSS

EPLT 
PEAK POW ER LOSS
Electricity
For
A Better
Life HUBUNGAN ANTARA LOAD FACTOR
DAN LOSS FACTOR
LSF = c(LDF) + (1 - c) (LDF)2
TRANSMISI : C = 0.3
DISTRIBUSI : C = 0.15
Electricity DIVERSITY FACTOR - DF
For
A Better
Life
SUM OF INDIVIDUAL MAXIMUM DEMANDS
DF   1.0
MAXIMUM DEMAND OF THE COMPONENT LOADS
COINCIDENT FACTOR - CF
1
CF   1.0
DF
DIVERSITY FACTOR - DF
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE SUM OF
INDIVIDUAL MAXIMUM DEMANDS AND THE
MAXIMUM DEMAND OF THE COMPOSITE
LOAD.
Electricity
For PERHITUNGAN SUSUT TEGANGAN DAN
A Better
Life SUSUT DAYA DAN SUSUT ENERGI
SISTEM ARUS SEARAH
Electricity
For
A Better R
Life I
+
- US UR Load
Susut tegangan : 2 IR
Diagram Vektor Arus dan Tegangan
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
UR
US
I 2IR
Single Phase (2 kawat)
Electricity
For
A Better R + jX
Life I
US UR Load
R + jX
Susut tegangan : 2 (IRCos φ + IX sin φ)

Diagaram Vektor Arus dan Tegangan
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
US
j2IX
UR
2IR
φ I
Three Phase (3 kawat)
Electricity
RS R + jX RR
For IR
A Better
Life
Load
US UR
R + jX
IS
TR
TS Load
Load
US UR
R + jX
IT
SS SR
Susut tegangan : 3 (IRCos φ + IX sin φ)

Diagram Vektor Arus, Tegangan dan Daya Untuk Beban Induktif
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
QS
SS
Q
QR P
SR
VS
I.X
I.R
VR
S R
I PR PS
Diagram Vektor Arus, Tegangan dan Daya Untuk Beban kapasitif
Electricity
For
A Better
Life PS
S I
R
VS
I.X
VR SS
QS
I.R
Q
SR
P
SUSUT TEGANGAN (VOLTAGE DROP) - BEBAN INDUKTIF
(PENDEKATAN APROKSIMASI)
Electricity
For V
A Better
Life VS I.RF.Cos  I.XF.Sin 
s
VR
I.XF
I.RF

SUSUT TEGANGAN (VOLTAGE DROP) - BEBAN KAPASITIF
PENDEKATAN APROKSIMASI
Electricity
For
A Better I
Life
I.RF.Cos 
s VS I.XF.Sin 
V
I.XF
I.RF
VR

SUSUT DAYA
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
P = /PS/- /PR/ = 3.I2 R [W, kW, MW]
P = PL2/ (Cos2  .U2).R [W, kW, MW]
P = SL2/ U2.R [W, kW, MW]
DARI PERSAMAAN DIATAS TERLIHAT BAHWA :
• SUSUT DAYA AKAN MENJADI MINIMAL APABILA FAKTOR DAYA

(POWER FACTOR) = 1.0
• SUSUT DAYA BERBANDING LURUS DENGAN KWADRAT BEBAN
• BERBANDING TERBALIK DENGAN KWADRAT TEGANGAN
• BERBANDING LURUS DENGAN TAHANAN
• BERBANDING LURUS DENGAN PANJANG FEEDER
SUSUT ENERGI
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
E = P.LSF.8760 [kWh, MWh]
E = P.EPLT [kWh, MWh]

CONTOH PERHITUNGAN SUSUT TEGANGAN
Electricity
For DAN SUSUT DAYA
A Better
Life
R
AAAC 240 mm2, 20 km
20 kV 18.99 kV
RF = 0.15 x 20 = 3.0 ohm

3.00 + j1.86
XF = 0.30 x 20 = 6.0 ohm
PLR = 3.00 MW QLR = 1.86 MVAr
U = 3.00/20 x (3.0 + 0.62 x 6) = 1.008 kV (5.04 %)
P = 3.002 / (202 x 0.852) x 3.0 = 0.0934 MW (3.02 %)
CONTOH PERHITUNGAN LF, LSF, EPT, EPLT
Electricity
For 7
(MW)
A Better
Life
6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
jam
Electricity
BEBAN HARIAN
For
A Better Waktu Waktu Waktu Waktu
Life
Beban Beban Beban Beban
(MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
01:00 1.50 07:00 4.00 13:00 3.00 19:00 6.50
02:00 2.00 08:00 5.00 14:00 3.50 20:00 5.00
03:00 2.50 09:00 4.00 15:00 4.00 21:00 4.00
04:00 3.00 10:00 3.50 16:00 5.00 22:00 3.00
05:00 3.00 11:00 3.00 17:00 5.50 23:00 2.00
06:00 3.50 12:00 2.50 18:00 6.00 24:00 1.00

Electricity
For LOAD FACTOR (HARIAN) :
A Better
Life
LDF   1.0
LDF = 3.5833/ 6.5000 = 0.5513
LOSS FACTOR (HARIAN) :
AVERAGEPOW ERLOSS
LSF   1.0
PEAK POW ER LOSS
LSF = 14.7083/ 42.25 = 0.3481

0.3481 = c(0.5513) + (1 - c) (0.5513)2
c = 0.1787
Electricity
For
A Better
Life TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND
EPT 
PEAK DEMAND
EPT = 88.5833/ 6.5000 = 13.63 Jam

EPLT 
PEAK POW ER LOSS
EPLT = LSF x HRS IN PERIOD = 0.3481 x 24 = 8.36 jam

SOAL 1
0.5 MW
Electricity
For
A Better
5 km
Life
20 kV
5 km 5 km 5 km 5 km
0.5 MW 0.5 MW 0.5 MW 0.5 MW
5 km
5 km
0.5 MW
0.5 MW
• Hitung susut
tegangan tiap seksi
5 km
• Hitung susut daya tiap Semua seksi penyulang : AAAC 150 mm2
seksi r = 0.246 ohm/ km, x = 0.316 ohm/km
• Hitung susut daya tiap 0.5 MW Beban masing-masing titik beban : 0.5 MW,
Cos  = 0.85
seksi
SOAL 2 (1)
P MW
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
20 kV
l km l km l km l km
P MW P MW P MW P MW
P MW
P MW
Semua seksi penyulang : AAAC 150 mm2

r = 0.246 ohm/ km, x = 0.316 ohm/km
Cos  beban = 0.85
P MW
Electricity
SOAL 2 (2)
For
A Better
Life
• Untuk beberapa nilai l, mulai dari 2.0 km sampai dengan
25 km hitung berapa maksimum nilai P (MW) yang dapat
disalurkan penyulang tanpa ada bagian penyulang yang
bertegangan dibawah 18 kV.
• Hitung berapa Susut Daya pada setiap kasus.
Electricity KORELASI ANTARA PANJANG FEEDER TM DENGAN
For
A Better BEBAN PUNCAK FEEDER
Life
Model Feeder Urban P
l (km) P (MW) L(km) Ltot(km) Ptot (MW) l
1 0.90 5 11 9.92
P P
2 0.90 10 22 9.92
3 0.71 15 33 7.78 l l
4 0.53 20 44 5.84 P
l l P
5 0.42 25 55 4.67
P
6 0.35 30 66 3.89 P l
l l
7 0.30 35 77 3.33
l l
8 0.27 40 88 2.92
9 0.24 45 99 2.59
P P
10 0.21 50 110 2.33
l
Catatan :
l
P P
KORELASI ANTARA PANJANG FEEDER TM DENGAN BEBAN
Electricity
For PUNCAK FEEDER
A Better
Life
Model Feeder Rural
l (km) P (MW) L(km) Ltot(km) Ptot (MW)

P
5 1.25 35 40 3.75 l
9 0.69 63 72 2.08
10 0.63 70 80 1.88 P
15 0.42 105 120 1.25 6l l
20 0.31 140 160 0.94
25 0.25 175 200 0.75
Catatan :
Ke mampuan Pe nyaluran Daya Pe nyulang 20 kV
S usut tegangan maksimum : 5 %
F aktor D aya: 0.85
(Beban terkonsentrasi diujung penyulang)
Panjang penyulang (km)

Electricity
Jenis Antaran *) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
For
AAAC16 - Daya maksimum (MW) 2.41 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.42
A Better - Momen Beban maksimum (MVA.km) 9.41 9.41 9.41 9.41 9.41 9.41 9.41 9.41 9.41
Life - Rugi daya (MW) 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
- Rugi daya (%) 5.89% 5.89% 5.89% 5.89% 5.89% 5.89% 5.89% 5.89% 5.89%
- Momen Beban maksimum (MVA.km) 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
- Rugi daya (%) 5.65% 5.65% 5.65% 5.65% 5.65% 5.65% 5.65% 5.65% 5.65%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
- Rugi daya (%) 5.39% 5.39% 5.39% 5.39% 5.39% 5.39% 5.39% 5.39% 5.39%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06
- Rugi daya (%) 5.05% 5.05% 5.05% 5.05% 5.05% 5.05% 5.05% 5.05% 5.05%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07
- Rugi daya (%) 4.76% 4.76% 4.76% 4.76% 4.76% 4.76% 4.76% 4.76% 4.76%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08
- Rugi daya (%) 4.41% 4.41% 4.41% 4.41% 4.41% 4.41% 4.41% 4.41% 4.41%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09
- Rugi daya (%) 4.02% 4.02% 4.02% 4.02% 4.02% 4.02% 4.02% 4.02% 4.02%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09
- Rugi daya (%) 3.71% 3.71% 3.71% 3.71% 3.71% 3.71% 3.71% 3.71% 3.71%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.09
- Rugi daya (%) 3.40% 3.40% 3.40% 3.40% 3.40% 3.40% 3.40% 3.40% 3.40%
- Rugi daya (MW) 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10
- Rugi daya (%) 2.99% 2.99% 2.99% 2.99% 2.99% 2.99% 2.99% 2.99% 2.99%
PERKIRAAN SUSUT JTR
L
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Kapasitas Jumlah Panjang Luas penampang Tegangan
Trafo jurusan kVA/ jurusan jurusan (L) konduktor dititik Terjauh Susut daya
(kVA) feeder TR (m) (mm2) (Volt) (%) (kW) (%)
50 2 25 300 35 370.12 97.40 1.00 2.36

100 4 25 300 35 370.12 97.40 2.01 2.36
160 4 40 300 50 367.72 96.77 3.81 2.80
200 5 40 300 50 367.72 96.77 4.76 2.80
250 5 50 300 70 369.35 97.20 5.13 2.41
315 5 63 300 70 364.10 95.81 11.42 3.60
400 6 67 300 70 365.93 96.30 10.73 3.18
630 8 79 300 70 363.22 95.58 20.33 3.79
1000 8 125 300 95 359.90 94.71 37.26 4.37
1600 10 160 300 95 358.89 94.45 60.38 4.43
Catatan : Belum termasuk susut pada trafo

BIAYA SUSUT(1/5)
Electricity
For
A Better P+P kW
Life
E+E kWh P kW
E kWh
Transmisi/
Pembangkit
Distribusi
Beban P kW
E kWh
Biaya susut (Rp/ kWh) terdiri dari dua komponen :

• Capacity Cost of losses (Demand Cost of losses)
• Energy Cost of losses
BIAYA SUSUT(2/5)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
• Capacity Cost of Losses
Setiap kW losses terjadi di jaringan Transmisi dan
distribusi harus ditanggung (dikompensasi) dalam
bentuk tambahan kapasitas terpasang pada
pembangkit, jaringan transmisi dan distribusi sendiri.
• Energy Cost of Losses
Setiap kWh energi hilang di jaringan Transmisi dan
Distribusi harus ditanggung (dkompensasi) dalam
bentuk tambahan biaya bahan bakar serta biaya
produksi lainnya.
BIAYA SUSUT(3/5)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
TET/TT Transmisi
Pembangkit GI TT/TM
TM
Biaya susut besarnya bervariasi JTM

tergantung pada lokasi dimana susut itu
terjadi.
• Semakin jauh dari pembangkit, GD TM/TR
maka biaya susut, baik cpacity cost,
maupun energy cost nya akan TR
semakin besar
JTR
• Demikian sebaliknya
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
1 Pembebanan pada Penyulang TM dibatasi oleh :
• Kuat Hantar Arus (KHA) hantaran penyulang
• Susut Tegangan yang diijinkan
• Batas Stabilitas Tegangan (Voltage Stability)
2 Untuk Penyulang yang pendek seringkali KHA menjadi
batas pembebanan
3 Untuk Penyulang yang panjang, Susut Tegangan seringkali
menjadi batas pembebanan
3 Untuk Sistem Distribusi Batas stabilitas tegangan hampir
tak pernah dialami, kecuali beberapa kasus extreem.
Electricity
For
A Better
Life 1 Pembebanan Optimum Penyulang TM adalah
pembebanan penyulang sedemikian rupa hingga biaya
penyalurannya seminimal mungkin
2 Biaya Penyaluran terdiri atas dua komponen :
• Capital Cost (biaya pembangunan) penyulang
• Cost of Losses (biaya susut) pada penyulang
3 Biaya Susut terdiri atas dua komponen :
• Demand cost of losses : merupakan biaya yang harus
dikeluarkan untuk setiap kW unit pembangkit yang
diperlukan guna menanggung setiap kW rugi daya
sepanjang penyulang
• Energy Cost of Losses : biaya rugi energi yang terjadi
pada penyulang
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Biaya Penyaluran :
CP = CPINV + ((MVA)2 . R/U2) . CL . 1000 (1)
Dimana :
CP = Biaya Penyaluran Penyulang Tegangan Menengah
(Rp/ km/ thn.)
CPINV = Biaya investasi penyulang tegangan menengah
(Rp/ km/ thn.)
MVA = Daya maksimum yang disalurkan penyulang (MVA)
R = Besarnya tahanan urutan positip persatuan panjang
penyulang (ohm/ km)
CL = Biaya rugi-rugi (Cost of losses) (Rp/ kW/ thn.)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
Besarnya CL dari Persamaan (1) dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :
CL = CC + 8760 . LSF . CE (2)
Dimana :
CC = Biaya investasi per kW/thn (Capacity Cost) *)
(Rp/ kW/ thn.)
LSF = Loss Factor
CE = Biaya Produksi Enersi Listrik (Biaya Pokok Produksi)
(Rp/ kWh)
*) Dihitung berdasarkan NPV Biaya Investasi Pembangkit (Peaker) +Transmisi+Distribusi/ Peak Load
Electricity
For
A Better
Life Biaya Penyaluran Penyulang 20 kV
40000
35000
30000
US $/km/th
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
XLPE 300 XLPE 240 XLPE 150 MVA

Ekirim pembangkit (TET) Ekirim pembangkit TT
Electricity
For
A Better TET TET TT
Life
Esales TT
Pelanggan TT
TT
Ekirim GI(TT/TM)
TM
Pelanggan TM
Esales TM
TM
Gambar 2.1 : Aliran Enersi Pada Sistem Kelistrikan
Esales TR
TR
Energy sales ke
pelanggan TR
Electricity
For
A Better Susut enersi di
Life Jaringan TR
Energy sales ke
Enersi pelanggan TM
dikirim ke
jaringan
TR
Susut enersi di
Jaringan TM
Enersi dikirim dari
pembangkit yang
tersambung ke
jaringan TM
Enersi dikirim Energy sales ke
ke Jaringan pelanggan TT
distribusi dari
Jar. trans
Susut enersi di
Jaringan Transmisi/ GI
(TET& TT)
Enersi netto dikirim

dari Pembangkit
yang terhubung ke
jaringan transmisi
TT & TET
Gambar 2.2 : Aliran Energi dan Susut Energi pada Sistem Kelistrikan
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
PERHITUNGAN ALIRAN DAYA PADA

JARINGAN DISTRIBUSI DENGAN METODA
ITERASI (METODA EKSAK)
Mulai
Electricity
For
Bagan Aliran Proses Baca data bus :
 Nomor bus
A Better Perhitungan Aliran Daya  Tegangan, sudut tegangan
 Beban, aktif, dan reaktif
Life
Pada Feeder Distribusi Baca data segmen feeder :
 Hubungan (dari - ke)
(Dengan metoda iterasi)  Panjang segmen
 Tahanan dan reaktansi seri urutan
positif
Perkiraan awal
Vektor tegangan bus (UI  )
Hitung :
 Aliran daya aktif dan reaktif tiap segmen
 Arus tiap segmen
 Rugi tegangan dan daya tiap segmen
Iterasi
berikut Update :
 Vektor tegangan tiap bus
 Aliran daya aktif dan reaktif tiap segmen
 Arus tiap segmen
 Rugi tegangan dan daya tiap segmen
Tidak  Pij < 

 Qij < 
Ya
Selesai
PERBANDINGAN HASIL PERHITUNGAN SUSUT TEGANGAN
DENGAN METODA APROKSIMASI DAN EXACT
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
US = UR
20 kV
AAAC 240 mm2, 50 km
PERBANDINGAN HASIL PERHITUNGAN SUSUT TEGANGAN
DENGAN METODA APROKSIMASI DAN EXACT
Electricity
For
A Better
Life 1.6
1.4
AAAC 240 mm2, 50 km
Power Loss (MW)
US =
1.2 20 kV
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
5
5
5
25
75
25
75
25
75
25
75
25
75
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
0.
0.
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
Power Loss (appr.) Power Loss (exact) loads (MW)
VOLTAGE STABILITY
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
I RF + jXF UR
US
PLR + jQLR
PV CURVE (1)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life S
R
 3 U  I
R
1
S R
(U U ) U U U 2
S U  S R R
2
R R Z Z
F F
2
U U (  )  U 2
S 
S R S R R R
3

R
Z
F
U U U
(  )  (2  ) 4
S R R
S 
R S R R
Z Z
F F
PV CURVE (2)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
P  re S
R R
5
2
U U U
Cos(  )  Cos( 2  ) 6
S R R

S R R
Z Z
F F
Bila dianggap S = R, maka :

2
U U U
Cos( 2 )  Cos( 2  ) 7
S R R
P 
R R R
Z Z
F F
PV CURVE (3)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
PR max :
PR max ---> dPR/dUR= 0
/US/// ZF/. Cos (2R-) - 2 /UR/ / /ZF/.Cos (2R-) = 0

/UR/ = /US// 2
PR max = /US/2/(4/Z/).Cos(2R-) (8)

Electricity
For
A Better
Life UR
Statically and
dynamically stable
Maximum loading
point
Statically stable
dynamically
unstable
Pmax PR
PV CURVE
Electricity
For 160
A Better
Life
140
Receiving Voltage (kV)
120 150 kV, 1 CCT, 1 x 241.7 mm2 HAWK, 100 km
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
UR
Load (MW)
PV CURVE
Electricity
For tan Q=-.6
Receiving Voltage (kV)
A Better 25
Life 150 kV, 1 CCT, 1 x 241.7 mm2 HAWK, 100 km
20
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
load (MW)
PV CURVE
Electricity
700
For
A Better
Life
600
500
400
UR (kV)
UR
300
500 kV, 2 CCT, 4 x 337.8 mm2 GANNET, 450 km
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
Load (MW)
UR (tanQ=-0.8) UR (tanQ=-0.4) UR (tanQ=0) UR (tanQ=0.62)
ANALISA HUBUNG SINGKAT
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
• DILAKUKAN UNTUK MENGETAHUI BESARNYA DAYA
DAN ARUS YANG TERJADI PADA SAAT TERJADI
HUBUNG SINGKAT PADA SISTEM.
• DENGAN DIKETAHUINYA DAYA DAN ARUS HUBUNG
SINGKAT, MAKA SETTING RELAY PROTEKSI YANG
BENAR DAPAT DILAKUKAN
• BESARNYA DAYA HUBUNG SINGKAT DIPAKAI
SEBAGAI DASAR UNTUK PEMILIHAN UKURAN
CIRCUIT BREAKER.
METODA PERHITUNGAN HUBUNG SINGKAT
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
• “NSW – POTENTIAL” METHOD
- MEMUNGKINKAN PERHITUNGAN DAYA H.S. DALAM
SATUAN MVA TANPA MEMPERHATIKAN NILAI
MUTLAK TEGANGAN KERJA SISTEM.
- EFEKTIF UNTUK SISTEM KECIL
- UNTUK PERHITUNGAN DAYA H.S. DI TITIK YANG
BERBEDA HARUS DIHITUNG ULANG
• BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX METHOD
- EFEKTIF UNTUK SISTEM YANG BESAR
300 MVA CONTOH PERSOALAN
Electricity Xd” = 10 % HUBUNG SINGKAT
For 11 kV 1
A Better
Life
300 MVA
Xd” = 5 %
150 kV 2
Terjadi Hubung Singkat 3 fasa
Di Bus No. 4
X = 20 ohm Berapa Besarnya :

• Arus Hubung Singkat
• Daya Hubung Singkat
3
60 MVA
Xd” = 8 %
4
20 kV
300 MVA DENGAN “NSW – POTENTIAL”
Xd” = 10 % METHOD (1)
Electricity
11 kV 1
For
A Better
1. Hitung MVA H.S. masing-masing
Life
300 MVA komponen dalam sistem :
Xd” = 5 %
- Gen : MVA(rated)/Xd” . 100
150 kV 2
- Trafo : MVA(rated)/Xd” . 100
- T/L : kV2/X
X = 20 ohm 2. Hitung Tegangan (p.u) masing-
masing titik.
3. Hitung Daya Hubung Singkat.
Catatan :
3 Xd” = Reaktansi Subtransient
60 MVA Pembangkit dan Trafo.
Xd” = 8 %
4
20 kV
300/10 x 100 DENGAN “NSW – POTENTIAL”
Electricity
For 1 = 3000 MVA METHOD (2)
A Better
Life
300/5 x 100
=6000 MVA Bus 1 :
2
(U1-1)3000 + (U1-U2)6000 = 0
Bus 2 :
1502/20
=1125 MVA (U2-U1)6000 +(U2 – U3)1125 =0
Bus 3 :
(U3-U2)1125 +(U3-U4)750 = 0
3 Bus 4 :
60/8 x 100
U4 = 0
= 750 MVA
4
DENGAN “NSW – POTENTIAL”
300/10 x 100 METHOD (3)
Electricity
For 367.5 = 3000 MVA
1
MVA
A Better
Life
300/5 x 100
9000U1 – 6000 U2 = 3000
=6000 MVA
367.5 2 - 6000 U1 + 7125 U2 – 1125 U3 = 0
MVA
-1125 U2 + 1875 U3 = 0
1502/20
U1 = 0.8776
=1125 MVA
U2 = 0.8163
367.5
MVA U3 = 0.4898
3 MVA H.S. di Bus 4 = U3 x 750 =
60/8 x 100 367.35 MVA
367.5
MVA = 750 MVA
IHS = 367.5/ 3/20 = 10.609 kA
4
300 MVA
DENGAN BUS IMPEDANCE
Xd” = 10 %
Electricity MATRIX METHOD (1)
For 11 kV 1
A Better 300 MVA
Life 1. Hitung reaktansi masing-masing
Xd” = 5 % komponen dalam sistem dalam p.u :
150 kV 2 - Pembangkit dan Trafo dinyatakan
dalam nilai subtransient atau
transient nya
X = 20 ohm 2. Matrix Bus mpedance
3. Hitung Arus Hubung Singkat.
3
60 MVA
Xd” = 8 %
4
20 kV
0.03333 pu MATRIX METHOD (2)
Electricity
For
A Better 11 kV 1 Base MVA = 100
Life
0.01667 pu Base kV = 150
Base Impedance = 1502/100 = 225 ohm
150 kV 2 Base kA = 100/ 3/150 = 0.3849
Matrix Y Bus :
0.08889 pu
90 -60 0 0
-60 71.3 -11.3 0

3
0 -11.3 18.8 -7.5
0.13333 pu
4 0 0 -7.5 7.5
20 kV
MATRIX METHOD (3)
Electricity
For
A Better Matrix Z Bus
Life
0.0333 0.0333 0.0333 0.0333
0.0333 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500
0.0333 0.0500 0.1385 0.1389
0.0333 0.0500 0.1389 0.2722
Hubung Singkat di Bus 4 , I HS = 1/Z44 = 1/0.2722 =3.6735 pu

Daya Hubung Singkat = 1 x 3.6735 pu = 367.35 MVA (hasil
perhitungan sama dengan metoda “NSW” potential)
MATRIX METHOD (4)
Electricity
For
A Better
Life
• Kadang-kadang dalam analisa yang lebih detil Tahanan
( R )Jaringan tidak diabaikan sehingga proses
Pembentukan Matrix Z Bus menjadi agak sulit karena
mengandung bilangan kompleks
• Hasil Perhitungannya tidak terlalu banyak berbeda
(perbedaannya berkisar antara 1 – 5 %)
300 MVA SOAL - 3 400 MVA
Electricity Xd” = 10 % Xd” = 10 %
For
A Better 1 11 kV 5
Life
300 MVA 500 MVA
Xd” = 5 % Xd” = 6 %
3
2 150 kV 4
X = 40 ohm X = 20 ohm
X = 30 ohm
X = 20 ohm
X = 60 ohm
7 6
X = 40 ohm
200 MVA
Xd” = 4 % • Hitung Daya Hubung Singkat pada
8 Sistem Bila Terjadi H.S di Bus 5
200 MVA
Xd” = 10 %
300 MVA SOAL - 3 400 MVA
Electricity Xd” = 10 % Xd” = 10 %
For
A Better 1 11 kV 5
Life
300 MVA 500 MVA
Xd” = 5 % Xd” = 6 %
3
2 150 kV 4
(15+j 40) ohm (7.5+j 20) ohm
10 +j 30 ohm
(7.5+j 20) ohm
(20+j 60) ohm
7 (15+j 40) ohm 6
200 MVA
Xd” = 4 % • Hitung Daya Hubung Singkat pada
8 Sistem Bila Terjadi H.S di Bus 5
200 MVA
Xd” = 10 %
Data Beban dan Pembangkit
Electricity
For
A Better Design
Life Conductor Size and Voltage Level
Change Network
First Analysis
Change Network
MW Power Flows
3-phase Short Circuit
Change Network
Complex Load Flows
Steady-state Voltage Transient Insulation

Stability Stability Stability Level
Check Security
Final Design
Electricity
For
A Better
Life

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Electricity

Area Nb. Of Population *) Population

• Total 15490.42 5715.87 21206.29

Source : Energy Information Administration, monthly Energy Review, DOE/ EIA-0035

Hyd r o 12 153 12 2 2 4 12 3 79 12 50 4 12 52 6 16 78 7 178 8 4 19 9 3 4 20985 2 10 6 8

Oil Gas Coal Geothermal Hydro

Hyd ro 6 576 6 575 6 578 6 575 6 575 6 575 72 3 2 78 13 79 52 8034

Oil Gas Coal Geothermal Hydro

H y dr o 5577 5649 5801 5929 5951 10 2 12 10 6 5 2 12 12 1 13 0 3 3 13 0 3 4

Ge ot he r ma l 14 0 301 19 9 389 19 5 6 2457 3 2 14 3221 3222 3224

C oa l 4848 6379 118 3 2 16 9 2 6 19 2 8 6 19 8 9 0 23363 2 5 5 17 29657 36552

Ga s 6943 7428 8 14 3 8 18 6 8091 7 16 2 7768 9261 10 0 5 9 9585

Oi l 7947 8296 5090 3263 3484 3 6 19 3472 4032 4552 5262

Oil Gas Coal Geothermal Hydro

Extra High Voltage : Medium Voltage :

Recloser Load Feeder

Change over switch

Transformer Unit Sizes :

50 kVA single phase (CSP) 800 kVA

Gardu Induk TT/TM

Distance Kilovolts per mile

Up to 10 miles 1.5 to 1.2

10 to 15 miles 1.2 to 1.0

50 to 75 miles 1.0 to 0.9

75 to 100 miles 0.9 to 0.8

100 to 150 miles 0.8 to 0.7

• Jaringan Tegangan Rendah (0.40 kV) : 200 – 260 kVA per

• Kapasitas yang mencukupi untuk mendistribusikan

Pembangkit Transmisi Distribusi Tot.

Annual Capital 63 12 25 100

Losses (% of system 0.5 1.5 – 3 3-6 5 – 9.5

Losses (% of total) 10 30 60 100

Pengembangan GI TT/ TM 5 - 10 tahun

Pengembangan Penyulang TM, TR 1 – 3 tahun

Analisa kebutuhan Studi Detail

Desain jaringan Spatial Load Beban Puncak

Rencana Gardu Induk TT/ TM :

Least Cost Ukuran Penampang Susut Tegangan

DESEMBER 2004 • LOAD FORECAST PER AREA PELAYANAN (DIS-

JAN- MAR 2004 • RENCANA PENAMBAHAN KAPASITAS GI - TT/TM

APR.2004 – JULI 2005 • RENCANA DETIL PENGEMBANGAN JTM, GD.

AGUSTUS 2005 • BUDGET

4. Peningkatan Kualitas 1. Pemasangan AVR 1. Menurunnya Least Cost

5. Rehabilitasi Jaringan 1. Penggantian komponen 1. Tingginya angka Least Cost

Daerah Baru yang akan di sambung

Transmisi Tegangan Tinggi (Terpasang)

Gardu Induk TT/ TM

Menyambung dengan Menyambung dengan

Calon Pelanggan atau

CP = CPINV + ((MVA)2 . R/U2) . CL . 1000 (1)

Besarnya CL dari Persamaan (1) dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :

CL = CC + 8760 . LSF . CE (2)

XLPE 300 XLPE 240 XLPE 150 MVA

Energy Sales (TM)

Energy Sales TM Energy Sales TR

Load Density Batas Voltage

Service area Panjang maks.

LTL LJTM LJTR