PUMPS

AND PUMPING MECHANISM

TAHREEM ANSARI- 02
NEHA BHIMANI-06
DEVIKRUPA CHOUTA-10
VINALI DALAL-12
Pump

 A pump is a device
used to move fluids,
such as gases, liquids or
slurries. A pump
displaces a volume by
physical or mechanical
action. Pumps fall into
two major groups:
1.positive
displacement pumps
2. rotodynamic
pumps.
 Positive displacement pumps

 A positive displacement pump causes

a fluid to move by trapping a fixed
amount of it then forcing (displacing)
that trapped volume into the
discharge pipe.
 A positive displacement pump can
be further classified according to the
mechanism used to move the fluid:
 1.Rotary-type, the lobe, external
gear, internal gear, screw, shuttle
block, flexible vane or sliding vane,
or liquid ring vacuum pumps.
 2.Reciprocating-type, for
example, piston or diaphragm pumps
Rotary-type pumps
 Gear pump
 This uses two meshed gears
rotating in a closely fitted casing.
Fluid is pumped around the outer
periphery by being trapped in the
tooth spaces. It does not travel back
on the meshed part, since the teeth
mesh closely in the centre. Widely
used on car engine oil pumps.
 Progressing cavity pump
 Widely used for pumping difficult materials
such as sewage sludges, contaminated with
large particles, this pumps consists of a
spiral shaped rotor, about 10 times as long
as its width. This can be visualised as a
central core of diameter x, with typical a
curved spiral wound around of thickness half
x, although of course in reality it is made
from one casting. This shaft fits inside a
heavy duty rubber sleeve, of wall thickness
typically x also. As the shaft rotates, fluid is
gradually forced up the rubber sleeve. Such
pumps can develop very high pressure at
quite low volumes.
 Roots-type pumps
 The low pulsation rate and gentle
performance of this Roots-type positive
displacement pump is achieved due to a
combination of its two 90° helical twisted
rotors, and a triangular shaped sealing line
configuration, both at the point of suction
and at the point of discharge. This design
produces a continuous and non-vorticuless
flow with equal volume. High capacity
industrial "air compressors" have been
designed to employ this principle as well as
most "superchargers" used on internal
combustion engines.
 Reciprocating-type pumps

 Reciprocating pumps are those which cause

the fluid to move using one or more oscilating
pistons, plungers or membranes (diaphragms).
 Reciprocating-type pumps require a system of
suction and discharge valves to ensure that the
fluid moves in a positive direction.
 Pumps in this category range from having
"simplex" one cylinder, to in some cases
"quad" four cylinders or more. Most
reciprocating-type pumps are "duplex" (two) or
"triplex" (three) cylinder. The pumps can be
powered by air, steam or through a belt drive
from an engine or motor.
 This type of pump was used extensively in the
early days of steam propulsion (19th century)
as boiler feed water pumps.
 Reciprocating pumps are typically used for
pumping highly viscous fluids including
concrete and heavy oils and special
applications demanding low flow rates
Compressed-air-powered
double-diaphragm pumps
 One modern application of positive
displacement diaphragm pumps are
compressed-air-powered double-
diaphragm pumps. Run on
compressed air these pumps are
intrinsically safe by design, although
all manufacturers offer ATEX
certified models to comply with
industry regulation. Commonly seen
in all areas of
 industry from shipping to process,
 SandPiper
 They are relatively inexpensive and
can be used for almost any duty
from pumping water out of bunds,
to pumping hydrochloric acid from
secure storage (dependant on how
the pump is manufactured -
elastomers / body construction).
Rotodynamic pumps

 Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pumps) are those in which kinetic energy is
added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity.
 This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure)
when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the
discharge pipe. This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure can be explained
by the First law of thermodynamics or more specifically by Bernoulli's principle.
 These types of pumps have a number of characteristics:
 Continuous energy
 Conversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy (increase in velocity)
 Conversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure head
 One practical difference between dynamic and positive displacement pumps is
their ability to operate under closed valve conditions.
 Positive displacement pumps physically displace the fluid; hence closing a valve
downstream of a positive displacement pump will result in a continual build up in
pressure resulting in mechanical failure of either pipeline or pump.
 Dynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under closed valve
conditions (for short periods of time).
Centrifugal pump

 A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic

pump that uses a rotating impeller to
increase the pressure and flowrate of a
fluid.
 Centrifugal pumps are the most
common type of pump used to move
liquids through a piping system. The
fluid enters the pump impeller along or
near to the rotating axis and is
accelerated by the impeller, flowing
radially outward or axially into a diffuser
or volute chamber, from where it exits
into the downstream piping system.
 Centrifugal pumps are typically used for
large discharge through smaller heads.
 Centrifugal pumps are most often
associated with the radial flow type.
 The term "centrifugal pump" can be
used to describe all impeller type
rotodynamic pumps including the radial,
axial and mixed flow variations.
 Radial flow pumps
 The fluid enters along the axial plane, is
accelerated by the impeller and exits at
right angles to the shaft (axially).
 Radial flow pumps operate at higher
pressures and lower flow rates than axial
and mixed flow pumps.
 Axial flow pumps
 The fluid enters and exits along the same
direction parallel to the rotating shaft.
 The fluid is not accelerated but instead
"lifted" by the action of the impeller. They
may be likened to a propeller spinning in
a length of tube.
 Axial flow pumps operate at much lower
pressures and higher flow rates than
radial flow pumps.
 Mixed flow pumps
 The fluid experiences both
radial acceleration and lift
and exits the impeller
somewhere between 0-90
degrees from the axial
direction.
 As a consequence mixed
flow pumps operate at
higher pressures than axial
flow pumps while delivering
higher discharges than radial
flow pumps.
 Eductor-jet pump
 Eductor-jet pump
 This uses a jet, often of steam, to
create a low pressure. This low
pressure sucks in fluid and propels
it into a higher pressure region.
 Application
 Metering pump for gasoline and
additives.
 Early applications includes the
use of the windmill or watermill to
pump water.
 Today, the pump is used for
irrigation, water supply, gasoline
supply, air conditioning systems,
refrigeration, chemical movement,
sewage movement, flood control,
marine services, etc.
Specifications

 Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate

, outlet pressure in feet (or metres) of head,inlet
suction in suction feet (or metres) of head.
 The head can be simplified as the number of feet or
metres the pump can raise or lower a column of
water at atmospheric pressure.
 From an initial design point of view, engineers often
use a quantity termed the specific speed to identify
the most suitable pump type for a particular
combination of flow rate and head.
Pumps as public water supplies

 First European by Taccola depiction of a

piston pump,,
 One sort of pump once common worldwide
was a hand-powered water pump over a
water well where people could work it to
extract water, before most houses had
individual water supplies.
 From this came the expression "parish
pump" for "the sort of matter chattered
about by people when they meet when they
go to get water", "matter of only local
interest".
 Water from pitcher pumps are more might
cause gastrointestinal related diseases.
 prone to contamination since it is drawn
directly from the soil and does not undergo
filtration, this
`
 Today, hand operated village pumps are considered
the most sustainable low cost option for safe water
supply in resource poor settings, often in rural areas
in developing countries. A hand pump opens access
to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and
also improves the safety of a well by protecting the
water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps like
the Afridev pump are designed to be cheap to build
and install, and easy to maintain with simple parts.
However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of
pumps in some regions of Africa has diminished their
utility for these areas.
Pumping power

 The power added to the fluid flow by the pump (Po), is defined
using SI units by:
 PO is the output power of the pump (W)
 ρ is the fluid density (kg/m3)
 g is the gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2)
 H is the energy Head added to the flow (m)
 Q is the flow rate (m3/s)
 Power is more commonly expressed as kW (103 W) or
horsepower (divide kW by 0.746), H is eqivalent to the pressure
head added by the pump when the suction and discharge pipes
are of the same diameter. The power required to drive the
pump is determined by dividing the output power by the pump
efficiency
 Pump efficiency
 Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power
imparted on the fluid by the pump in relation to the
power supplied to drive the pump.
 One important part of system design involves
matching the pipeline headloss-flow characteristic
with the appropriate pump or pumps which will
operate at or close to the point of maximum
efficiency.
 Pump efficiency is an important aspect and pumps
should be regularly tested.