Impulse Responses of Ideal

Filters
• Ideal lowpass filter -

sin c n
hLP [n]   n ,    n  

• Ideal highpass filter -

 1  c , 
  n 0
hHP [n]  
sin(c n)
 n , n  0

 Impulse Responses of Ideal
Filters
• Ideal bandpass filter -

sin(c 2n)  sin(c1n) , n  0

 n n
hBP [n]  
c 2 c1
    , n  0

 Impulse Responses of Ideal
Filters
• Ideal bandstop filter -

 1  (c 2  c1 ) , 
  n 0
hBS [n]  
sin(c1n) sin(c 2 n)
 n  n , n  0

 Gibbs Phenomenon
• Gibbs phenomenon - Oscillatory behavior in
the magnitude responses of causal FIR filters
obtained by truncating the impulse response
coefficients of ideal filters
1.5
N = 20
N = 60
1
Magnitude

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/
 Gibbs Phenomenon
• As can be seen, as the length of the lowpass
filter is increased, the number of ripples in
both passband and stopband increases, with
a corresponding decrease in the ripple
widths
• Height of the largest ripples remain the
same independent of length
• Similar oscillatory behavior observed in the
magnitude responses of the truncated
versions of other types of ideal filters
 Gibbs Phenomenon
• Gibbs phenomenon can be explained by
treating the truncation operation as a
windowing operation:
ht [n]  h[n]  w[n]
• In the frequency domain
j 1  j j (  )
H t (e )   d
H ( e )  ( e ) d
2 
j j
• where H t (e ) and  ( e ) are the DTFTs
of h [n] and w[n] , respectively
t
 Gibbs Phenomenon
j
• Thus tH ( e ) is obtained by a periodic
continuous convolution of H d (e j ) with
j
 (e )
 Gibbs Phenomenon
• If  (e j ) is a very narrow pulse centered at
  0 (ideally a delta function) compared to
variations in H d (e j ), then H t (e j ) will
j
approximate H d (e ) very closely
• Length 2M+1 of w[n] should be very large
• On the other hand, length 2M+1 of ht [n]
should be as small as possible to reduce
computational complexity
 Gibbs Phenomenon
• A rectangular window is used to achieve
simple truncation:
1, 0  n  M
wR [n]  
0, otherwise
j
• Presence of oscillatory behavior in H t (e )
is basically due to:
– 1) hd [n] is infinitely long and not absolutely
summable, and hence filter is unstable
– 2) Rectangular window has an abrupt transition
to zero
 Gibbs Phenomenon
• Rectangular window has an abrupt transition
to zero outside the range  M  n  M , which
results in Gibbs phenomenon in H t (e j )
• Gibbs phenomenon can be reduced either:
(1) Using a window that tapers smoothly to
zero at each end, or
(2) Providing a smooth transition from
passband to stopband in the magnitude
specifications
 Fixed Window Functions
• Using a tapered window causes the height
of the sidelobes to diminish, with a
corresponding increase in the main lobe
width resulting in a wider transition at the
discontinuity
• Hanning:
w[n]  0.5  0.5 cos( 2 n ),  M  n  M
2M  1
• Hamming:
w[n]  0.54  0.46 cos( 2 n ),  M  n  M
2M  1
• Blackman:
w[n]  0.42  0.5 cos( 2  n )  0.08 cos( 4  n )
2M  1 2M  1
 Fixed Window Functions
• Plots of magnitudes of the DTFTs of these
windows for M = 25 are shown below:
Rectangular window Hanning window
0 0

-20 -20

Gain, dB
Gain, dB

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ /
Hamming window Blackman window
0 0

-20 -20
Gain, dB

Gain, dB

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80

-100 -100
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ /
 Fixed Window Functions
• Magnitude spectrum of each window is
characterized by a main lobe centered at
 = 0 followed by a series of sidelobes with
decreasing amplitudes
• Parameters predicting the performance of a
window in filter design are:
• Main lobe width
• Relative sidelobe level
 Fixed Window Functions
• Main lobe width  ML - given by the
distance between zero crossings on both
sides of main lobe
• Relative sidelobe level As - given by the
difference in dB between amplitudes of
largest sidelobe and main lobe
 Fixed Window Functions

j( c  2 ) j( c  2 )
• Observe Ht (e )  H t (e ) 1
jc
• Thus, H t (e )  0.5
• Passband and stopband ripples are the same
 Fixed Window Functions
• Distance between the locations of the
maximum passband deviation and minimum
stopband value   ML

• Width of transition band

   s   p   ML
 Fixed Window Functions
• To ensure a fast transition from passband to
stopband, window should have a very small
main lobe width
• To reduce the passband and stopband ripple
 , the area under the sidelobes should be
very small
• Unfortunately, these two requirements are
contradictory
 Fixed Window Functions
• In the case of rectangular, Hanning, Hamming,
and Blackman windows, the value of ripple  does
not depend on filter length or cutoff frequency c ,
and is essentially constant
• In addition the transition bandwidth,
  c
M
where c is a constant for most practical purposes
 Fixed Window Functions
• Rectangular window -  ML  4 /(2M  1)
As  13.3 dB,  s  20.9 dB,   0.92 / M
• Hanning window -  ML  8 /(2M  1)
As  31.5 dB,  s  43.9 dB,   3.11 / M
• Hamming window -  ML  8 /(2M  1)
As  42.7 dB,  s  54.5 dB,   3.32 / M
• Blackman window -  ML  12 /(2M  1)
As  58.1 dB,  s  75.3 dB,   5.56 / M
 Fixed Window Functions
• Filter Design Steps -
(1) Set
c  ( p   s ) / 2
(2) Choose window based on specified s
(3) Estimate M using
  c
M
4) Obtain the impulse response coefficients of the
filter
ht [n]  h[n]  w[n]
 FIR Filter Design Example
• Lowpass filter of length 51 and c   / 2
Lowpass Filter Designed Using Hann window Lowpass Filter Designed Using Hamming window
0 0

Gain, dB
Gain, dB

-50 -50

-100 -100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

/ /
Lowpass Filter Designed Using Blackman window
0
Gain, dB

-50

-100

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

/
Adjustable Window Functions
• Kaiser Window -
I 0{ 1  (n / M ) 2 }
w[n]  , M nM
I0 ( )
where  is an adjustable parameter and I 0 (u )
is the modified zeroth-order Bessel function
of the first kind:  (u / 2) r
I 0 (u )  1   [ ] 2
r 1 r!
• Note I 0 (u )  0 for u > 0
20 (u / 2) r
• In practice I 0 (u )  1   [ ] 2
r 1 r!
 Adjustable Window Functions
•  controls the minimum stopband
attenuation of the windowed filter response
•  is estimated using
 0.1102(  s 8.7 ), for  s  50
 0.5842(  s  21)0.4  0.07886(  s  21), for 21   s  50
 0, for  s  21
• Filter order is estimated using
s  8
N
2.285( )
where  is the normalized transition
bandwidth
 FIR Filter Design Example
• Specifications:  p  0.3 ,  s  0.5 ,
 s  40 dB
• Thus c  ( p   s ) / 2  0.4
 s / 20
 s  10  0.01
  0.5842(19)  0.0788619  3.3953
0.4

32
N  22.2886
2.285(0.2)
• Choose N = 25 implying M =12
 FIR Filter Design Example
sin(0.4 n)
• Hence ht [n]  n  w[n],  12  n  12
where w[n] is the n-th coefficient of a
length-25 Kaiser window with   3.3953
Kaiser Window Lowpass filter designed with Kaiser window
0 0

-20 -20

Gain, dB
Gain, dB

-40 -40

-60 -60

-80 -80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/ /