ELS2201: Electromagnetics

Week 1 (Review)
 Vector Analysis
 Coordinate Systems
 Coulomb’s Laws
 Electric Field

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI DEL

Jl Sisingamangaraja, Tobasamosir (22381), Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
telp +62632331234, fax +626323311116, www.del.ac.id
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 Refference:
Willam H. Hayt, Jr.,
John A. Buck,
Engineering
Electromagnetics, 8th
Edition, McGraw Hill,
2012

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 Apa itu
Elektromagnetik??

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 Medan Lestrik/
Electric field
Timbul akibat adanya suatu
partikel bermuatan dan
menyebabkan terjadinya
gaya listrik.

Magnetic field
Terjadi akibat adanya gerakan
dari suatu muatan atau arus
listrik dan menyebabkan
terjadinya gaya magnet
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 Mengapa
Elektromagnetik
penting??

headstartsport.co.za
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Our life surrounded by Electricity!

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Our life surrounded by Electricity!

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 Our world depend
on Electricity

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 Lightning
Time Elapsed ≈ 0.2 s
Up to 100.000.000 volts

Fenomena Elektromagnetik
merupakan hasil dari suatu sifat alami
di alam (hukum alam)
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 www.modernarea.pl

Untuk memahami dan dapat memanfaatkannya,

kita membutuhkan “tools” untuk mempelajarinya:
Mathematics
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  Scalar and Vector
 Scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by
a single (positive or negative) real number.
 Some examples include distance, temperature, mass, density,
pressure, volume, and time.

 A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in

space. We especially concerned with two- and three-
dimensional spaces only.
 Displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force are examples of
vectors.

• Scalar notation: A →or A (italic or plain)

• Vector notation: A or A (bold or plain with
arrow)

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 AB BA

A  (B + C)  ( A  B) + C

A  B  A  ( B )
A 1
 A
n n
AB  0  A  B

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Ada berapa banyak sistem koordinat??
Orthogonal coordinate systems

•Cartesian coordinate system

•Polar coordinate system
Two dimensional •Parabolic coordinate system
•Bipolar coordinates
•Elliptic coordinates
•Cartesian coordinate system
•Cylindrical coordinate system
•Spherical coordinate system
•Parabolic cylindrical coordinates
•Paraboloidal coordinates
•Oblate spheroidal coordinates
•Prolate spheroidal coordinates
•Ellipsoidal coordinates
•Elliptic cylindrical coordinates
•Toroidal coordinates
•Bispherical coordinates
Three dimensional
•Bipolar cylindrical coordinates
•Conical coordinates
•6-sphere coordinates
•Flat-ring cyclide coordinates
•Flat-disk cyclide coordinates
•Bi-cyclide coordinates
•Cap-cyclide coordinates
•Concave bi-sinusoidal single-centered coordinates
•Concave bi-sinusoidal double-centered coordinates
•Convex inverted-sinusoidal spherically aligned coordinates Sumber : en.wikipedia.org
•Quasi-random-intersection cartesian coordinates
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 sistem koordinat lain
Relativistic Coordinate Systems
•Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates
•Gaussian polar coordinates
•Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates
•Isotropic coordinates
•Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates
•Schwarzschild coordinates

Sumber : en.wikipedia.org

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 To understand the Electromagnetics, we must know basic
vector algebra and coordinate systems. So let us start the
coordinate systems.
COORDINATE SYSTEMS

Cartesian Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates Spherical Coordinates

Choice is based on symmetry of problem

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 z z
P(r, θ, Φ)
Cartesian Coordinates P(x,y,z)
θ r P(x, y, z) y

y x
x Φ

Spherical Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates

P(r, θ, Φ) z P(r, Φ, z)

z
P(r, Φ, z)

r y
x Φ
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

 Rectangular Coordinate System

• Differential surface units:
dx  dy
dy  dz
dx  dz
• Differential volume unit :
dx  dy  dz

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  Vector Components and Unit Vectors

r  xyz
r  xa x  ya y  za z
a x , a y , a z : unit vectors

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 R PQ ?

R PQ  rQ  rP
 (2a x  2a y  a z )  (1a x  2a y  3a z )
 a x  4a y  2a z

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  Vector Components and Unit Vectors
 For any vector B, B  Bxa x  By a y + Bz a z :

B  Bx2  By2  Bz2  B Magnitude of B

B B
aB   Unit vector in the direction of B
Bx2  By2  Bz2 B

 Example
Given points M(–1,2,1) and N(3,–3,0), find RMN and aMN.
R MN  (3a x  3a y  0a z )  (1a x  2a y  1a z )  4a x  5a y  a z

R MN 4a x  5a y  1a z
a MN    0.617a x  0.772a y  0.154a z
R MN 4  (5)  (1)
2 2 2

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  Dot Product
 Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product,
is defines as the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude
of B, and the cosine of the smaller angle between them:
A  B  A B cos AB

 The dot product is a scalar, and it obeys the commutative law:

AB  BA

 For any vector A  Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z and B  Bxa x  By a y + Bz a z ,

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay By + Az Bz

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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

 Dot Product
 One of the most important applications of the dot product is that of
finding the component of a vector in a given direction.

• The scalar component of B in the direction

of the unit vector a is Ba
• The vector component of B in the direction
of the unit vector a is (Ba)a

B  a  B a cosBa  B cosBa

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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

 Dot Product
 Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2),
B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle
θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.
R AB  (2a x  3a y  4a z )  (6a x  a y  2a z )  8a x  4a y  6a z B

R AC  (3a x  1a y  5a z )  (6a x  a y  2a z )  9a x  2a y  3a z

 BAC
R AB  R AC  R AB R AC cosBAC C
A
R R (8a x  4a y  6a z )  (9a x  2a y  3a z ) 62
 cos  BAC  AB AC    0.594
R AB R AC (8)  (4)  (6)
2 2 2
(9)  (2)  (3)
2 2 2
116 94

  BAC  cos 1 (0.594)  53.56

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 Vector Analysis

 Dot Product
 Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,–1,2),
B(–2,3,–4), and C(–3,1,5). Find: (a) RAB; (b) RAC; (c) the angle
θBAC at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of RAB on RAC.
R AB on R AC   R AB  a AC  a AC
 
(9a x  2a y  3a z )  (9a x  2a y  3a z )
  (8a x  4a y  6a z ) 
 (9) 2  (2) 2  (3) 2  (9)  (2)  (3)
2 2 2
 
62 (9a x  2a y  3a z )

94 94
 5.963a x  1.319a y  1.979a z

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 Vector Analysis

 Cross Product
 Given two vectors A and B, the magnitude of the cross product,
or vector product, written as AB, is defines as the product of
the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the sine of the
smaller angle between them.
 The direction of AB is perpendicular to the plane containing A
and B and is in the direction of advance of a right-handed
screw as A is turned into B.
A  B  aN A B sin  AB ax  a y  az
a y  az  ax
 The cross product is a vector, and it is az  ax  a y
not commutative:
( B  A )  ( A  B )

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 Vector Analysis

 Cross Product
 Example
Given A = 2ax–3ay+az and B = –4ax–2ay+5az, find AB.

A  B  ( Ay Bz  Az By )a x  ( Az Bx  Ax Bz )a y  ( Ax By  Ay Bx )a z
  (3)(5)  (1)(2)  a x   (1)(4)  (2)(5)  a y   (2)(2)  (3)(4)  az
 13a x  14a y  16a z

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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

•The Cylindrical Coordinate System

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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

•The Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units: • Relation between the

d   dz rectangular and the cylindrical
coordinate systems
 d  dz
d    d x    cos    x2  y 2
1 y
• Differential volume unit : y    sin    tan
x
d    d  dz zz zz
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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

•The Cylindrical Coordinate System

?
A  Ax a x  Ay a y + Az a z  A  A a   A a + Az a z
az az
A  A  a 
 ( Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a 
a
 Axa x  a   Ay a y  a  + Az a z  a 
ay  Ax cos   Ay sin 
a
ax A  A  a
 ( Axa x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a
• Dot products of unit vectors in  Axa x  a  Ay a y  a + Az a z  a
cylindrical and rectangular   Ax sin   Ay cos 
coordinate systems

Az  A  a z
 ( Ax a x  Ay a y + Az a z )  a z
 Axa x  a z  Ay a y  a z + Az a z  a z
 Az
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 •Contoh 1

Transform the vector B = yax − xay + zaz into cylindrical coordinates.

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 •Contoh 2

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 The Unit Circle

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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

•The Spherical Coordinate System

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 •The Spherical Coordinate System

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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

•The Spherical Coordinate System

• Differential surface units:

dr  rd
dr  r sin  d
rd  r sin  d
• Differential volume unit :
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dr  rd  r sin  d
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

•The Spherical Coordinate System

• Relation between the rectangular and
the spherical coordinate systems

x  r sin  cos  r  x2  y 2  z 2 , r  0
z
y  r sin  sin    cos 1
, 0    180
x y z
2 2 2

y
z  r cos   tan 1

• Dot products of unit vectors in spherical and

rectangular coordinate systems

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Chapter 1 Vector Analysis

•The Spherical Coordinate System

 Example
Given the two points, C(–3,2,1) and D(r = 5, θ = 20°, Φ = –70°), find: (a) the spherical
coordinates of C; (b) the rectangular coordinates of D.

r  x 2  y 2  z 2  (3) 2  (2) 2  (1) 2  3.742

z 1
  cos 1  cos 1  74.50
x2  y 2  z 2 3.742

y 1 2
  tan 1
 tan  33.69 180  146.31
x 3
 C (r  3.742,   74.50,   146.31)

 D( x  0.585, y  1.607, z  4.698)

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  Coulomb’s Law

•Hukum Coulomb: Gaya q1q2

pada q1 oleh q2 F12  ke 2 rˆ
r
1
ke   8.9875 109 N m 2 /C2
4 0

rˆ : vektor satuan dari q1 ke q2


r q1q2
rˆ   F12  ke 3 r
r r
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  Electric Field
•Medan listrik pada suatu titik adalah gaya yang bekerja
pada muatan uji q0 pada titik tersebut, dibagi dengan
muatan q0 :

F
E
q0
q
Untuk sebuah muatan titik q: E  ke 2 rˆ
Satuan: N/C, juga Volt/meter r
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