Introduction

Five Kingdom system

Presented By:
Mr. Kiran D. Baviskar,
Assist. Professor
Dept. of Pharmaceutics,

Smt. Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil College of Pharmacy, Chopda.

The living world is wonderful. We find living organisms in all
types of habitats, like hot springs, the diversity is amazing.
cold mountains, forests, oceans, fresh water lakes, deserts and
even
Life exists everywhere on earth.
What is life?
What is the purpose of life?
The second question is philosophical as a biology student, let
us learn what is life or “living”?
What is “living”
You have already studied characteristics of living organisms.
Growth, reproduction, metabolism, ability to sense
environment and respond to it and cellular organization are
unique features of living organisms.
Let us see how to define “living”.

Growth is exhibited by all living organisms, increase in

body mass is considered as growth. Nonliving objects also
grow.

Mountains and sand mounds show growth. However, the

growth exhibited by non-living objects is by accumulation of
material on the surface, while in living organisms growth is
from inside. Nevertheless, growth cannot be taken as a
Defining property of living organism.
Reproduction is a characteristic of living organisms.
Organisms reproduce asexually or sexually, and produce their
own kind.
However, there are living organisms which do not reproduce
e.g. mules, sterile worker bees, infertile human couples etc.

Hence, reproduction also cannot be the defining characteristic

of living organisms.
Mules have 63 chromosomes, a mixture of the horse's 64 and
the donkey's 62.

The different structure and number usually prevents the

chromosomes from pairing up properly and creating
successful embryos, rendering most mules infertile.
Metabolism is another characteristic of living organisms.

There are various bio-chemical reactions which occur

simultaneously inside all living organisms.

(The sum total of all the reactions occurring in the body of an

organism is called metabolism.

Non-living objects do not show-metabolism but, metabolic

reactions can be demonstrated in cell-free system (in vitro)
Hence metabolism and cellular organization of the body
is the defining feature of life form.

Technically complicated feature of all living organisms is

irritability i.e. their ability to sense their environment and
respond to it.

Both plants and animals respond to environmental factors like,

light, temperature water etc. All organisms are “aware” of their
surroundings. (Consciousness therefore is the defining
property of living organisms. |
“Thus,; living organisms are self-replicating, evolving, and
self regulating interactive systems capable of responding to
external stimuli.”
Biology is the story of life on earth. It is an interesting life-
science.
Systematics (Syatema: Order, Sequence)
Scientific study of similarities and differences among
different kinds of organisms and also includes their
Identification, Nomenclature and Classification.

Taxonomy (Taxis: arrangement, Nomos: Law)

It is branch of biology which deals with collection
Identification, Nomenclature description and Classification of
plants and animals

Classification:
Arrangement of organisms or group of organisms in distinct
category in accordance with established plan.
Taxonomy (Taxis: arrangement, Nomos: Law)
It is branch of biology which deals with collection
Identification, Nomenclature description and
Classification of plants and animals

The term was introduced by- A. P. de candolle

Alpha taxonomy: (Trill)

Considers morphology

Beta taxonomy: (Trill)

Genetics, anatomy, physiology

Omega taxonomy:
Based on phylogenic relationship
FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION :

The two-kingdom system of classification of organisms was

introduced by Carl Linnaeus.

The system recognized two kingdoms of organisms as -

Plantae and Animalia.

However, this system was found inadequate for classification

of some organisms like bacteria, fungi, Euglena, etc.

Haeckel suggested the third kingdom Protista to include these

organisms.
Two Kingdom system Three Kingdom system Four Kingdom system
Carl Linnaeus Haeckel Copeland
1.Plant Kingdom 1. Protist (unicellular org.)
1.Plant Kingdom 2. Animal kingdom 2. Monera
2. Animal kingdom 3. Protist (unicellular org.) 3.Plant Kingdom
4. Animal kingdom
Organisms like
Bacteria, Euglena are
not included Six Kingdom system
Carl Woose
Five Kingdom system On the basis of r RNA genes
1. Monera R.H. Whittaker
1. Archeabacteria
All prokaryotic 2. Eubacteria
organisms 3.Protist
Archeabacteria 3. Fungi 4.Plant Kingdom
4.Plant Kingdom
Eubacteria Eukaryotic Nonmobile 5. Animal kingdom
heterotopic photosynthetic 6. Fungi
organisms organism
BAPGA
2. Protist 5. Animal kingdom
(unicellular org.) Metazoa
The system of classification proposed by R.H. Whittaker in
1969 is a five-kingdom system.

This system shows the phylogenetic relationship between

organisms.
The five kingdoms are:
1. Kingdom Monera
2. Kingdom Protista
3. Kingdom Fungi
4. Kingdom Plantae
5. Kingdom Animalia

The criteria used by Whittaker in system include -

Cell organization
Whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Body organization:
Whether the organism is unicellular or multicellular.

Mode of nutrition:
Whether the organism is autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Life style:
Whether the organism is producer, consumer or decomposer.
Kingdom: Monera
The organisms included in this kingdom are microscopic and
prokaryotic, having a primitive type of nucleus.(Pro = first
formed, karyon = nucleus)

Prokaryotic nucleus is also called nucleoid and is not well

organized.

It is without nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nucleoplasm,

histone proteins and true chromosomes. (Only DNA is
present).

The cell wall is rigid and composed of peptidoglycan.

These organisms are unicellular as in eubacteria or

filamentous as in cyanobacteria.
The cells are without membrane-bound cell organelles like
chloroplasts, mitochondria, etc.

These organisms are either motile (the locomotion is due to

gliding movement or flagella, Cilia are absent) or non-
motile.

The organisms exhibit different modes of nutrition like

autotrophic, heterotrophic, parasitic or saprophytic.

The autotrophs are either photo-autotrophs e.g.

cyanobacteria or chemoautotrophs e.g. Thiobacillus
The mode of reproduction in Monera is either asexual or with
the help of fission or budding.

(sexual reproduction, mitosis and meiosis are absent)

Archeabacteria: Methanobacillus, Thiobacillus

Eubacteria: Rhizobium, Clostridium

Cyanobacteria: Nostoc, Anabaena

Actinomycetes: Streptomyces, Mycobacterium

Kingdom - Protista (Protoctista)
These organisms are unicellular, eukaryotic and mostly
aquatic. However, some are terrestrial.

They are either motile or non -motile. The locomotory organs

are cilia, flagella, pseudopodia, etc.

The protists are with or without cell wall. If cell wall is

present, it is composed of cellulose.

They have membrane-bound cell organelles such as

mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, Golgi complex, etc.
The nucleus is well- organized i.e. with nuclear envelope,
nucleoplasm, nucleolus and helical DNA with histone proteins
forming chromosomes.
They show either photosynthetic, holozoic, saprophytic or
parasitic mode of nutrition.

The reserve food material is in the form of glycogen or starch

and fat.

The reproduction is by asexual or sexual method.

Asexual reproduction occurs by mitotic or amitotic cell

division while sexual reproduction is by fusion of male and
female gametes forming zygote.

The zygote directly develops into young individual without

formation of embryo.
Protists may further be distinguished into:
a) Plant like protists-
They are autotrophic (photosynthetic), have cellulosic cell
wall and store reserve food as starch e.g. dinoflagellates,
diatoms and desmids (golden algae).

They are together grouped as chrysophytes.

The cell wall of diatoms is composed of two overlapping
halves resembling a soap case.

The remains of their cell walls is called diatomaceous earth

which is used in chromatography, filtration and polishing.

They are chief producers of aquatic environment.

Animal like protists- These are heterotrophic, ingest food,
lack cell wall and store reserve food as glycogen
e.g. Amoeba, Paramoecium.

Fungi like protists-They are saprophytic and lack cell wall

e.g. Slime moulds.

Euglenoids- These are primarily photosynthetic

aquatic organisms.
However, they behave as heterotrophs in the absence of light,
e.g. Euglena

Thus Kingdom Protista is a link between prokaryotic

Kingdom Monera and complex eukaryotic Kingdoms-Plantae,
Fungi and Animalia.
Kingdom - Fungi
It is a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms, showing
extracellular digestion.

The organisms are unicellular (yeast) or multicellular and

filamentous (Penicillium},

Unicellular organisms have a protoplast with many nuclei e.g.

Rhizopus or with a single nucleus e.g. yeast.

Filamentous organisms consist of a body called mycelium in

which a number of thread-like structures called hyphae are
present.
A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting
body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or
on its food source.

The common mushroom you eat and toadstools are also fungi.

Some unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and
beer.

Other fungi cause diseases in plants and animals; wheat rust-

causing Puccinia is an important
example.
Some are the source of antibiotics, e.g., Penicillium NCERT
Fungi are saprophytes and few are parasites.
Those that depend on living plants and animals are
called parasites.

They can also live as symbionts – in association with

algae as lichens and with roots of higher plants as
mycorrhiza
The hyphae may be with septa septate) or without septa
(aseptate). They may be uni or multi-nucleated.
The non-septate multinucleated hyphae are called
coenocytic hyphae.

The cell wall in fungi is composed of chitin or fungal

cellulose. Fungi contain well-organized membrane-bound cell
organelles except the chloroplasts.
The fungi exhibit heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Most of the members are saprophytes, and absorb food which
is decomposed (digested) outside.

Thus absorption is the mode of nutrition.

Some are parasites or predators and some are symbiotic.
Reproduction is vegetative, asexual or sexual.
The fungi are further classified as follows-
Phycomycetes:
These are commonly called algal fungi and consist of
coenocytic hyphae.
The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic. NCERT
They commonly grow in moist and damp habitats on decaying
organic matter.
They reproduce by endogenous spores produced inside
sporangia

Example: Mucor, Rhizopus, etc.

Albugo is an example of parasitic Phycomycetes.
Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by
aplanospores (non-motile).

These spores are endogenously produced in sporangium.

A zygospore is formed by fusion of two gametes. NCERT
The fungi are further classified as follows-
Ascomycetes:
They are mostly multicellular and are commonly called
sac fungi.

When multicellular, their thallus or somatic body is composed

of branched septate hyphae.

They produce endogenous sexual spores called ascospores in

sac-like structures called asci.

Some produce fruiting bodies (ascocarps) which enclose asci.

The asexual and exogenously produced spores are called
conidia which are at the tips of special hyphae called
conidiophores.
Examples- Aspergillus, Penicillium, Neurospora etc.
Yeast is an example of unicellular ascomycetes.
Basidiomycetes: These fungi commonly called club fungi,
include mushrooms, bracket fungi, rusts, smuts, etc.

They have branched septate hyphae.

Asexual reproduction is absent, but vegetative reproduction
takes place by fragmentation.

Sex organs are lacking.

The fusion of two vegetative cells or somatic cells
(somatogamy) produces a dikaryotic mycelium which gives
rise to basidia or a fruiting body called basidiocarp.

Basidiocarp contains many basidia which produce sexual

spores called basidiospores exogenously.
Examples- Agaricus, Ustilago; Puccinia, etc.
Deuteromycetes:

It is a temporary group of fungi which are known to

reproduce only asexually.

They are commonly called imperfect fungi.

Whenever their sexual reproduction is discovered, they are

transferred to the respective groups.

They are mostly decomposers while a few are parasitic.

Examples: Alternaria, Colletotrichum.
Trichophyton etc.
Kingdom: Plantae
The Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic and autotrophic
organisms like
Algae,
Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and
Angiosperms.
The plants show sedentary nature.

The cell wall of plant cells is composed of true cellulose.

The members possess photosynthetic pigments.

The members of Piantae are the main producers and provide

food directly or indirectly to all living organisms.

Reserve food material is in the form of starch.

Vascular tissues are absent in the lower plants (Algae and

Bryophytes) but present in higher plants (Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms)
In higher plants, cuticle, stomata etc. are present to check the
rate of transpiration.

The plants, reproduce by vegetative, asexual or sexual

methods.

Vegetative reproduction occurs with the help of vegetative

parts, asexual reproduction with the help of spores while
sexual reproduction takes place with the help of gametes.

Examples:
Algae e.g. - Spirogyra, Chara, etc.
Bryophytes e.g. - Riccia, Funaria, etc.
Pteridophytes e.g. - Lycopodium, Nephrolepis,
Gymnosperms e.g. - Cycas, Pinus, etc.
Angiosperms e.g. - Sunflower, Jowar, etc.
In higher plants, cuticle, stomata etc. are present to check the
rate of transpiration.

The plants, reproduce by vegetative, asexual or sexual

methods.

Vegetative reproduction occurs with the help of vegetative

parts, asexual reproduction with the help of spores while
sexual reproduction takes place with the help of gametes.

Examples:
Algae e.g. - Spirogyra, Chara, etc.
Bryophytes e.g. - Riccia, Funaria, etc.
Pteridophytes e.g. - Lycopodium, Nephrolepis,
Gymnosperms e.g. - Cycas, Pinus, etc.
Angiosperms e.g. - Sunflower, Jowar, etc.
LICHENS
LICHENS:
The lichens are slow growing, long living organisms,
occurring in wide variety of places ranging from sea shore to
Arctic and Antarctic regions of the earth.

Theophrastus (300 B.C.) was the first to use the word lichen.

Lichens are formed by close association of two different

partners (organisms) one of which is an algal component and
the other is fungal component.

The algal component is called phycobiont or photobiont and

it mostly belongs to Chlorophyceae (green algae) or
cyanobacteria (blue green algae).