Seismic Design of RC Buildings

March, 2006
Manila, Philippines

Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software

Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
 CPD Lecture for ASEP

Seismic Analysis and Design

of RC Buildings

Presented By:
Naveed Anwar, D.Eng.
 Main Objective

To provide an understanding of the

concepts, issues, techniques,
technologies and tools
involved in the
analysis, design and detailing of
RC buildings to effectively resist
the effects of Earthquakes

3
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 The Main Topics
– An integrated overview structural mechanics
• Static Vs Dynamic Analysis
• Seismic Vs Non-seismic Design
– Fundamental Principles of Structural Dynamics
• Free Vibration Analysis
• Response Spectrum Analysis
• Time History Analysis

4
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 The Main Topics
– Model Codes, Methods and Tools for Seismic Design
• Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method
• The Response Spectrum Method
• Time History Analysis
• The Pushover Analysis
• Scaling and Combining Results for Member Design
• General Guidelines for Seismic Detailing

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 Integrated Overview of

Structural Analysis
 Design Levels

Equations,
Partial Full 3D, Nonlinear, Charts, Tables,
Differential Inelastic Dynamic FEA Rules, Limits
Equations

Rigorous Semi Rigorous Simplified Specified

Analytical Analytical Numerical Numerical Procedures

Closed Form with 2D/3D Linear Static

Approximations FEA/Matrix

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 The Structural System

STRUCTURE

EXCITATION RESPONSES

pv

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 From Analytical to Numerical Solution
Analytical Assumptions Numerical

Equilibrium
Actual Structure Structural Model

 xx  yy zz Stress-Strain Law


x y z
  pvx  0 Kr  F
Compatibility “Algebraic
“Partial Differential
Equations”
Equations” _ _ _

 t
 dV   p u dV   p u ds
v
t
v
t
s
K = Stiffness
r = Response
(Principle of Virtual Work) F = Loads
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 Simplified Structural System

Loads (F) Deformations (u)

Fv

u K (Stiffness)

Equilibrium Equation F=Ku

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 The Analysis System

STRUCTURE

EXCITATION RESPONSES

pv

• Static • Elastic • Linear

• Dynamic • Inelastic • Nonlinear

Eight types of equilibrium equations are possible!

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 Comprehensive Equilibrium Equation

Mu(t )  Cu (t )  Ku(t )  F (t ) NL  F (t )

• Cover all Static, Dynamic, Elastic, Non Elastic,
Damped, Un-damped, Linear, Non-Linear cases
and their combinations
• Handles response for
– Basic Dead and Live Loads
– Seismic, Wind, Vibration and Fire analysis

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 Comprehensive Equilibrium Equation
Mass-Acceleration Stiffness-Displacement External Force

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

Damping-Velocity
Nonlinearity

Mu  Cu  Ku

The basic variable is displacement and its derivatives

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 Static and Dynamic

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

Mu  Cu  Ku

Dynamic Part
Static Part
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 Linear and Non-Linear

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

  Cu  Ku
Mu
Linear Part
Non-Linear Part
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 Seismic Analysis
Acceleration Records
Mu  Cu  Ku  Mug Time History Analysis

  Cu  Ku  FNL  F
Mu
Free Vibration Equivalent
Ku  FEQ Static Analysis
  Ku  0
Mu
Pushover
Ku  FNL  FEQ Analysis

Ku  FEQ Response Spectrum

Analysis
16 Response Spectrums ACECOMS
 Wind Analysis
Wind-Time Records
Mu  Cu  Ku  F (t ) Full Dynamic Analysis

  Cu  Ku  FNL  F
Mu
Free Vibration
Equivalent
  Ku  0 Ku  FW Static Analysis
Mu

Ku  FW Equivalent Static
Ku  FNL  F Nonlinear Analysis
Matched Analysis
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 Vibration Analysis
Load-Time Function

Mu  Cu  Ku  F (t ) Full Dynamic Analysis

  Cu  Ku  FNL  F
Mu

Equivalent
Ku  F Static Analysis

Ku  FNL  F Equivalent Static

Nonlinear Analysis
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 Linear and Nonlinear

Linear, Static and Dynamic

Ku = F
Ku  F
F
FNL (t )  Cu (t )  Ku(t )  F (t )
Mu
Ku - FNL = F

Nonlinear, Static and Dynamic

u Ku  FNL  F
Non Linear Equilibrium Mu(t )  Cu(t )  Ku(t )  F (t ) NL  F (t )
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Specialized Analysis for Earthquakes

Seismic Analysis
 Seismic Vs Non-Seismic

• Structures designed without regard for

Earthquake mostly need to perform well in well
defined range of loads and often remain in
linear elastic range
• Structures designed to resist Earthquakes need
to perform well both in linear elastic as well as
in nonlinear inelastic range with adequate
ductility

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 Philosophy of Seismic Design

• Earthquake-resistant design it to attain a

structure with sufficient strength and ductility
to assure life safety

And/Or

• To prevent collapse under the most intense

earthquake expected at a site during the life of
a structure
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 Philosophy of Seismic Design
• A Earthquake-resistant structure should resist:
– Minor earthquakes without any damage
– Moderate earthquakes with negligible structural and some
nonstructural damages
– Major earthquakes with possibly some structural and
nonstructural damages

– Yielding of some structural members under moderate-to-

high earthquake is accepted

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 Key Considerations in ERDS
• Structural Systems
– Selection and laying out of lateral-force-resistant system
appropriate to anticipated level of ground shaking
– Continuous and redundant load path
– Minimum possible irregularities
• Modeling and Analysis
– Determining design earthquake loads
– FE modeling to represent structure
– Finding forces and deformations due to EQ
• Design and Detailing
– Proportioning of members for combined effect of gravity and EQ
loads
– Adequate vertical & lateral stiffness and ductility

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 Seismic Hazard Analysis Process
• Study the Geology of the Region
• Study the Past EQ Records
• Prepare General Soil Profile
• Potential Site Amplification of Ground Motion
• Estimation of Soil Shear Wave Velocity (SWV)
• Soil Classification Based on SWV
• Estimation of Soil Dynamic Properties
• Collect Information about Existing Building
• Estimate/Measure Time Period of Buildings
• Classify the Building in Terms of Risk
• Develop Design Response Spectra
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 Structural Systems

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 Structural Irregularities
• Components that perform poorly during
earthquake
• Places where damages initiates
• May control the overall redundancy of the
system
• Affect level of analysis and design
requirements
• Normally divided into two classes
– Vertical Structural Irregularities
– Plan Structural Irregularities

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 Vertical Irregularities

Vertical Stiffness Irregularity

Soft Story

Story Stiffness < 70% of story above

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 Vertical Irregularities

Mass Irregularity

Heavy
floors

Story Mass > 150% Adjacent Story Mass

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 Vertical Irregularities
Vertical Geometric Irregularities

Story Dimension > 130% Adjacent Story Dimension

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 Vertical Irregularities

Vertical Strength Irregularity

Weak Story

Story Strength < 80% of story above

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 Plan Irregularities

Diaphragm
Discontinuity

Reentrant
Corners

Torsional Irregularities
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 Plan Irregularities

Nonparallel Framing Systems

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 Plan Irregularities

Out-of-plane Offsets
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 Basic Concepts in
Seismic Analysis

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 Seismic Analysis
Acceleration Records
Mu  Cu  Ku  Mug Time History Analysis

  Cu  Ku  FNL  F
Mu
Free Vibration Equivalent
Ku  FEQ Static Analysis
  Ku  0
Mu
Pushover
Ku  FNL  FEQ Analysis

Ku  FEQ Response Spectrum

Analysis

36 Response Spectrums
ACECOMS
 Typical Dynamic Analysis
• Free Vibration Response
• Response to Harmonic Forces
• Response to Periodical Loading
• Response to Impulse loading
• Ambient Vibration Response
• Response to Direct Dynamic Force
• Response to Earth Quake Excitation

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ACECOMS
 Free Vibration Analysis
• Definition
– Natural vibration of a structure released from initial condition and
subjected to no external load or damping
• Main governing equation -Eigenvalue Problem

   
M  u   c  u   K  ut  Pt
 t  t

• Solution gives
– Natural Frequencies
– Associated mode shapes
– An insight into the dynamic behavior and response of the structure

38
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 Mode Shapes
• A mode shape is set of relative (not absolute)
nodal displacement for a particular mode of
free vibration for a specific natural frequency
• There are as many modes as there are DOF in
the system
• Not all of the modes are significant
• Local modes may disrupt the modal mass
participation

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 The Modal Analysis
• The modal analysis determines the inherent natural
frequencies of vibration
• Each natural frequency is related to a time period and a
mode shape
• Time Period is the time it takes to complete one cycle of
vibration
• The Mode Shape is normalized deformation pattern
• The number of Modes is typically equal to the number of
Degrees of Freedom
• The Time Period and Mode Shapes are inherent
properties of the structure and do not depend on the
applied loads
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 The Modal Analysis

• The Modal Analysis should be run before

applying loads any other analysis to check the
model and to understand the response of the
structure
• Modal analysis is precursor to most types of
analysis including Response Spectrum, Time
History, Push-over analysis etc.
• Modal analysis is a useful tool even if full
Dynamic Analysis is not performed
• Modal analysis easy to run and is a fun to
watch the animations
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 Application of Modal Analysis

• The Time Period and Mode Shapes, together

with animation immediately exhibit the
strengths and weaknesses of the structure
• Modal analysis can be used to check the
accuracy of the structural model
– The Time Period should be within reasonable range, (Ex:
0.1 x number of stories seconds)
– The disconnected members are identified
– Local modes are identified that may need suppression

42
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 Eccentric and Concentric Response
Unsymmetrical Mass
and Stiffness

Symmetrical Mass and

Stiffness

43 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-3

ACECOMS
 Damped System

• Damper is an energy absorbing

element Mass m

• Viscous damper is the most

commonly Stiffness K
Damping C
• Energy is lost by heat, friction,
damages, etc
Idealized One storey
• Free vibration of a damped system Building
dies out gradually

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 Damped Dynamic Response
Effect of Damping (Approximate)
7
No of Cycles to Reduce Peak

6
Amplitude by 50%

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Damping Ratio

Easy to Remember: 1, 2, 4 Cycle for 10, 5, 2.5

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 Basic Dynamic for Ground Motion
mu  cu  ku  F
F  mu  mg  mug M
C

k
 ; c  2m
m K

mu  cu  ku  mug

mu  2mu  m u  mug
2

u  2u   u  ug

2
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 Ground Motion
  2u   u  u
u g
2

• The input Variables

are ground
acceleration,
damping ratio and
circular frequency
• The final unknown
is displacement
(and its derivatives)

47
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 Modal Displacements

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Model Seismic Codes and

Design Methods
 Earthquake Maps

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 Selected Earthquake Seismograms
0.1
Acceleration (g)

Acceleration time history of the Cliff Station

from 1989 Loma Preita, USA earthquake

-0.1

0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec)
0.05
Acceleration (g)

Acceleration time history of the CUIP Station

from 1985 Michoacan, Mexico earthquake

-0.05
51
0 10 20 30 40 50 ACECOMS
60
Time (sec)
 Classifying the Earthquakes
• Terminology used to define earthquake:
– Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE)
– Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE)
– Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE)
– Contingency Level Earthquake (CLE)
– Ductility Level Earthquake (DLE)
– Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE)
– Maximum Probable Earthquake (MPE)
– Sstrength Level Earthquake (SLE)

52
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 Classifying the Earthquake

• Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE)

– Earthquake associated with specific seismotectonic structures,
source areas, or provinces that would cause the most severe
vibratory ground motion or foundation dislocation capable of
being produced at the site under the currently known tectonic
framework
– Determined by judgment based on all known regional and local
geological and seismological data
– Little regard is given to its probability of occurrence, which
may vary from a less than a hundred to several tens of
thousands of years

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 Classifying the Earthquake
• Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE)
– Represents the maximum level of ground motion for which the
structure should be designed or analyzed.
• Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE)
– The maximum earthquake potential for which certain
structures, systems, and components, important to safety, are
designed to sustain and remain functional (used in the design of
nuclear power plants)
• Contingency Level Earthquake (CLE)
– Earthquake that produces motion with a 10% probability of
exceedance in 50 years. For this event, the structure may suffer
damage, however life safety is protected

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 Classifying the Earthquake
• Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE)
– EQ for which the structure is designed to resist and remain
operational.
– The OBE is usually taken as an:
• EQ producing the maximum motions at the site once in
110 years (recurrence interval)
• EQ with half the peak acceleration of SSE
• EQ that produces motion with a 50% probability of
exceedances in 50 years

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 Classifying the Earthquake
• Maximum Probable Earthquake (MPE)
– The maximum EQ that is likely to occur during a 100 year
interval.

• Strength Level Earthquake (SLE)

– The maximum earthquake that is likely to occur during a
200 year interval
– This earthquake is not anticipated to induce significant
damage or inelastic response in the structural elements

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ACECOMS
 Simplified Linear Static Method

Equivalent Lateral Load

 Model Codes and Guidelines

• Model Code
• IBC 2000
– International Building Codes
– NEHRP Provisions
– FEMA 368-369 Provisions
– Incorporates most recent (1996) USGS Hazard Maps

• Guidelines
• ATC -40
– Applied Technology Council
• FEMA
– Federal Emergency Management Agency
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 IBC-2000: General Procedure
• Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) based on 1996
USGS probabilistic hazard maps
• Deterministic limits used in high seismicity areas where
the hazard can be driven by tails of distributions
• Hazards maps provide spectral accelerations for
– T = 0.2 Sec called Ss
– T= 1.0 Sec called S1
• Local soil conditions considered using site coefficients
– Fa for short duration
– Fv for longer duration
• Develop the design spectrum using “S” and ‘F

59
ACECOMS
 The Basic Notion
• Convert the Seismic Excitation to an “Equivalent Static
Force” applied at the base of the building, called the
Base Shear. Then Distribute the Base Shear to various
parts of the Building by using

– V=WC ( from F = m a)

• This formula is based on the assumption that the

structure will undergo several cycles of inelastic
deformation and energy dissipation without collapse.
Force and Displacements in the structure are derived
assuming linear behavior

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ACECOMS
 Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure
• A building is considered to be fixed at the base

• Seismic base shear,

V  CsW
Where

Cs = The seismic response coefficient

W = The effective seismic weight of the structure

including the total dead load and other
loads (Next slide)

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ACECOMS
 Overall Procedure
2
S MS  Fa S S
V  CsW
S DS  S MS
3

S DS
CS  Fa = Site coefficient short period , Table 1615.1.2(1)
R Ss = Spectral accelerations for short periods, Maps
  R = The response modification factor, Table 1617.6
Cs need not be  IE  IE = The occupancy importance factor, Section 1616.2
greater than
2 S M 1  FV S1
S S D1  SM1
CS  DI 3
R
 T
 IE  FV = Site coefficient, 1 sec period, Table 1615.1.2(2).
T = Fundamental period (in seconds) of the structure
Cs must be greater than
S1 = Spectral accelerations for a 1-second period, Maps
0 .5 S 1
CS  CS  0.044S DS I E
R
 
62 IE 
ACECOMS
 Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure

• W includes:
– In areas use for storage , a minimum of 25 % of the reduced
floor live load ( floor live load in public garages and open
parking structures need not be included.

– Where an allowance for partition weight or a minimum

weight of 50 kg/m2 of floor area , whichever is greater.

– Total operating weight of permanent equipment.

– 20 % of flat roof snow load where the flat roof snow load
exceeds 150 kg/m2
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ACECOMS
 Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure
• R is dependent on structural system and
ranges from 4 to 8 (bad to good)
• Fa is site modification for short period
spectrum and ranges from 0.8 to 2.5 (good to
bad)
• Fv is a site modification for 1 sec period
spectrum and ranges from 0.8 to 3.5 (good to
bad)
• IE Ranges from 1.0 to 1.5 (Normal to important)

64
ACECOMS
 Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure
• Calculation of seismic response coefficient ,

S DS
CS 
R
 
 IE 
I E  The occupancy importance factor

R  The response mod ification factor

S DS  The design spectral response accelerati on at short period

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ACECOMS
 Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure
• For buildings and structure in seismic design category
E or F (Table 1616.3) , and those buildings and
structure for which the 1-second spectral response S1 ,
is equal to or greater than 0.6 g, the value of the
seismic response coefficient ,Cs , shall not be taken as
less than:

0.5S1
CS 
R / IE

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 Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure
• Computing Time Period, T:
– The fundamental period of the building , T , in the
direction under consideration shall be established using the T

structural properties and deformational characteristics of

the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis
• OR
– Shall be taken as the approximate fundamental period, Ta
.The calculated fundamental period ,T, shall not exceed the
product of the coefficient for upper limit on calculation
period, Cu and the approximate fundamental period , Ta.

T  Ct  hn
3/ 4
67
Ta  0.1N
ACECOMS
 Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure
Vertical distribution of seismic forces:

The lateral force, (kip or kN) , induced at any level:

k
wh
Fx  Cvx V Cvx  n
x x

Where
Cvx =Vertical distribution factor.
w h
i 1
i i
k

k = A distribution exponent related to the buildings period as follows:

• For buildings having a period of 0.5 second or less, k = 1.

• For building having a period of 2.5 seconds or more, k = 2.

• For building having a period between0.5 and 2.5 seconds or

68 more, k shall be 2 or shall be determined by linear ACECOMS
interpolation
 Hazard Maps for Determining Ss, S1

69
ACECOMS
 Soil Classification
Based on top 30 m

70
ACECOMS
 Site Coefficient Fa

Modification for short period Response

71
ACECOMS
 Site Coefficient Fv

Modification for 1 Sec period Response

72
ACECOMS
 Design Spectral Values

• Adjust Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) values of

Ss and S1 for local site effects
– SMs = Fa x Ss
– SM1 = Fv x S1

• Calculate the spectral

design values
– SDS = 2/3 x SMS
– SD1 = Fv x SM1

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ACECOMS
 Seismic Design Categories
Based On Short Period Response Accelerations

SEISMIC USE GROUP

VALUE OF SDS
I II III

S DS  0.167 g A A A

B B C
0.167 g  S DS  0.33g
C C D
0.33g  S DS  0.5g

0.50 g  S DS Da Da Da

Note a: Seismic Use Groups I and II structures located on sites with mapped
maximum considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1-second period,
equal to or greater than 0.75g, shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category E, and
Seismic Use Group III structures located on such sites shall be assigned to Seismic
74 Design Category F.
ACECOMS
 Seismic Design Categories
Based on 1 Second Period Response Acceleration
SEISMIC USE GROUP
VALUE OF SDS
I II III

S D1  0.067 g A A A

B B C
0.067 g  S D1  1.33g
C C D
1.33g  S D1  0.20g
Da Da Da
0.20g  S D1

Note a: Seismic Use Groups I and II structures located on sites with mapped maximum
considered earthquake spectral response acceleration at 1-second period, equal to
or greater than 0.75g, shall be assigned to Seismic Design Category E, and Seismic
Use Group III structures located on such sites shall be assigned to Seismic Design
Category F.
75
ACECOMS
 Why Seismic Design Categories?
• Seismic Design Category are used to select:
– Type of analysis
• Very Simplified
• Equivalent Lateral Load Procedure
• Response Spectrum
• Time-history
– Type of design and detailing
• Special Detailing
• Intermediate Detailing
• Ordinary Detailing
– Many other checks/requirements

76
ACECOMS
 Example of Use of Seismic Design Categories
ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORIES D, E OR F

MINIMUM ALLOWABLE
STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

Regular structures, other than those in Item 1 above, up to Equivalent lateral-force procedure
240 feet in height.

Structures that have vertical irregularities of Type 1a, 1b, 2

or 3 in Table 1616.5.2, or plan irregularities of Type 1a or 1b Modal analysis procedure
of Table 1616.5.1 and have a height exceeding five stories
or 65 feet and structures exceeding 240 feet in height.

Equivalent lateral-force procedure

Other structures designated as having plan or vertical with dynamic characteristics
irregularities. included in the analytical model.

77
ACECOMS
 Seismic Design Category
Seismic Design Seismic Use
Value of SDS Value of SD1
Category Group

A I, II, III SDS < 0.167g SD1 < 0.067g

B I, II 0.167g ≤ SDS ≤ 0.33g 0.067g ≤ SD1 ≤ 0.133g

III 0.167g ≤ SDS ≤ 0.33g 0.067g ≤ SD1 ≤ 0.133g

C
I, II 0.33g ≤ SDS ≤ 0.50g 0.133g ≤ SD1 ≤ 0.20g

III 0.33g ≤ SDS ≤ 0.50g 0.133g ≤ SD1 ≤ 0.20g

D
I, II 0.50g ≤ SDS 0.20g ≤ SD1

E I, II - 0.75g ≤ SD1

F III - 0.75g ≤ SD1

I = Normal Buildings , (IE=1.0)

II = Important Structures (IE=1.25)
78
III = Essential Structures (IE=1.5) ACECOMS
 Analysis Procedures
Seismic
Analysis Procedures Design Limit
Category

Minimum Lateral Forces

A -
(1616.4.1)
Seismic Use Group I buildings of light-
Simplified Analysis framed construction three stories or less in
A, B, C, D, E, F
(1617.5) height with flexible diaphragms at every
level

Equivalent Lateral Forces Regular structures other than those in Item

D, E, F
(1617.4) I above, up to 240 feet in height

Equivalent Lateral Forces (1617.4)

with dynamic characteristics included
in the analysis model
Modal Analysis Procedure (1618)
Other structures designated as having plan
D, E, F
or vertical irregularities
Structures that have vertical irregularities
of Type 1a, 1b, 2 or 3
D, E, F Plan irregularities of Type 1a or 1b
Height exceeding five stories or 65 feet
Structures exceeding 240 feet in height

79 Modal Analysis Procedure (1618)

D, E, F SD1 ≥ 0.2, Site Class E or F and T ≥ 0.7
With A site-specific response spectrum ACECOMS
 IBC2000 Load Combination
Example: For strength design or LRFD

• 1.4D (Formula 16-1)

• 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R) (Formula 16-2)
• 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (f1L or 0.8 W) (Formula 16-3)
• 1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (Formula 16-4)
• 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L + f2S (Formula 16-5)
• 0.9D + (1.0E or 1.6W) (Formula 16-6)

Where
f1 = 1.0 for floor in places of public assembly, for live load in excess
of 0.479 ton/m2 and for parking garage live load
= 0.5 for other live loads
f2 = 0.7 for roof configurations (such as tooth) that do not shed snow
off the structures
= 0.2 for other roof configurations
80
ACECOMS
 Seismic Load Effect (E)
Seismic Load Effect (E)

For equation 16-5, 16-10 and 16-17

E = ρQE + 0.2 SDS D

For equation 16-5, 16-10 and 16-17

E = ρQE - 0.2 SDS D

Where

D = The effect of dead load.

E = The combined effect of horizontal and vertical earthquake-induced forces
ρ = A reliability factor based on system redundancy obtained
in accordance with Section 1617.2
QE = The effect of horizontal seismic forces
SDS = The design spectral response acceleration at short periods

81
ACECOMS
 Maximum Seismic Load Effect (Em)
Maximum Seismic Load Effect (Em)
For equation 16-19 E = Ω0QE + 0.2 SDS D
For equation 16-20 E = Ω0QE - 0.2 SDS D
Where
E, QE, SDS are as defined above and Ω0is the system overstrength factor as given in
Table 1617.6

Redundancy (ρ)
rmaxi = The ratio of the design story
For Seismic Design Category A, B or C
shear resisted by the most heavily loaded
ρ = 1.0 single element in the story to the total
story shear, for a given direction of
For Seismic Design Category D, E or F
loading

20 6.1
  2 ( for US )   2 ( for SI )
rmax Ai rmax Ai
82
ACECOMS
 Response Modification Factor (R)
Intended to account for inelastic deformations.
Represent a measure of the amount of ductility allowed in
various types of building

Typical Values

R = 8.0 for ductile steel frames

7.0 for ductile concrete frames
4.5 for ordinary steel frames
2.0 for ordinary concrete frames
5.5 for RC shear walls
4.5 for reinforced masonry shear walls
1.5 for unreinforced masonry shear walls

83
ACECOMS
 Over Strength Factor (Ω0)
Typical Values

3.0 for ductile steel frames (Special Case)

2.5 for ductile concrete frames
2.5 for ordinary concrete frames
2.5 for RC shear walls
2.5 for reinforced masonry shear walls
2.5 for unreinforced masonry shear walls
2.0 for ordinary steel frames

84
ACECOMS
 ALLOWABLE STORY DRIFT
SEISMIC USE GROUP
BUILDING TYPE
I II III

Buildings, other than masonry shear wall or masonry wall

frame building, four stories or less in height with interior
0.025 0.020 0.015
walls, partitions, ceilings, and exterior wall systems that
have been designed to accommodate the story drifts

Masonry cantilever shear wall buildings 0.010 0.010 0.010

Other masonry shear wall buildings 0.007 0.007 0.007

Masonry wall frame buildings 0.013 0.013 0.010

All other buildings 0.020 0.015 0.010

85
ACECOMS
 The UBC-97 Form of Equation
• The old equation: V = (Z K C S I) W

• The new equation:

I = Importance factor, for a specific occupancy category,
V  CsW from UBC Table 16-K

Cv I Cv = Velocity based ground response coefficient, for a

Cs  specific seismic zone and soil profile, from UBC Table
RT 16-R
R = response modification factor, for a specific structural
system, from UBC Table 16-N
T = Fundamental; period of vibration, from UBC Formula
(30-8) or (30-10)
86
ACECOMS
 UBC-97 Vs IBC2000
UBC-97 IBC-2000

V  CsW V  CsW
Cv I
Cs  CS 
S DS S I
 DS E CS 
S DI S I
 DI
RT R R R RT
   T
 IE   IE 

Cv = 0.05 to 0.5 SDS = 0.13 to nearly 1.0

I= 1.0 to 1.5 IE = 1 to 1.5
R= R= 4 to 8
SD1= 0.05 to nearly 0.5
87
ACECOMS
 Using ETABS For EQ Static Analysis
• Use the Define
Load Case Option
and Select
Appropriate Code
• Structure can be
analyzed for
several Codes at
the same time

88
ACECOMS
 Linear Semi Dynamic Method

Response Spectrum
 What are Response Spectra

u  2u   u  ug

2

• For a ground acceleration at particular time, for a given

time period and damping ratio, a single value of
displacement, velocity and acceleration can be obtained

• Output of the above (u, v, a) equation are the dynamic

response to the ground motion for a structure
considered as a single DOF

• A plot of the “maximum” response for different ground

motion history, different time period and damping ratio
give the “Spectrum of Response”

90
ACECOMS
 Response Spectrum Generation

91
ACECOMS
 Response Spectra
• The construction of response spectra plots requires the
solution of single degree of freedom systems for a sequence
of natural frequency and of the damping ration in the range of
interest.

• Every solution provides only one point (the maximum value)

of the response spectrum.

• Since a large number of systems must be analyzed in order to

fully plot each response spectrum, the task is lengthy and
time consuming even with the use of computer.

• Once these curves are constructed and are available for the
excitation of interests, the analysis for the design of
structures subjected to dynamic loading is reduced to a
simple calculation of natural frequency of the system and the
use of response spectra.
92
ACECOMS
 Response Spectra
• Dynamic analysis of a system with n degree of freedom
can be transformed to the problem of solving n systems
in which one is a single degree of freedom system

• The understanding and mastery of the concepts and

methods of solutions for a single degree of freedom
system is quit important.

• Above methods also apply to the systems of many

degree of freedom after the problem has been
transformed to independent single degree of freedom
systems.

93
ACECOMS
 Spectra For Different Soils

94
ACECOMS
 Sample Response Spectra for Bangkok

95 Design Spectral Acceleration Vs Time Period

ACECOMS
 How to Use Response Spectra
• For each mode of free vibration, corresponding Time
Period is obtained.
• For each Time Period and specified damping ratio, the
specified Response Spectrum is read to obtain the
corresponding Acceleration
• For each Spectral Acceleration, corresponding velocity
and displacements response for the particular degree of
freedom is obtained
• The displacement response is then used to obtain the
corresponding stress resultants
• The stress resultants for each mode are then added
using some combination rule to obtain the final
response envelop
96
ACECOMS
 Modal Combination Rules
• ABS SUM Rule N
– Add the absolute maximum value ro   rn 0
from each mode. Not so popular and n 1
not used in practice
• SRSS
– Square Root of Sum of Squares of the N
peak response from each mode.
Suitable for well separated natural
ro   n0
r 2

n 1
frequencies.
• CQC
– Complete Quadric Combination is N N
applicable to large range of ro   
i 1 n 1
rr
in i 0 n 0
structural response and gives better
results than SRSS.

97
ACECOMS
 The Input – Output Summary

• Input needed for Response Spectrum Analysis

– Mass and stiffness distribution
– A Specified Response Spectrum Curve
– The Response Input Direction
– The Response Scaling Factors
– The modes to be included
• Output From Response Spectrum Analysis
– Unsigned displacements, stress resultants and stresses etc.

98
ACECOMS
 Using ETABS For RS Analysis

• Step-1
• Use “Define
Function”
option to
define a
Response
Spectrum
Curve
• Chose from
list of
Standard
Curves or use
User Defined
99
ACECOMS
 Using ETABS For RS Analysis

• Step-2
• Use “Define
Analysis
Case” option
to define a
Analysis Case
using one of
the Defined
RS Curve
• Analysis for
several RS
curves can be
done at the
100 same time ACECOMS
Linear Full Dynamic Method

Time History
 The Time History Analysis

• The full dynamic equilibrium equation is solved

for each time step on the acceleration-time
curve
• The History of the deformations resulting from
previous time step calculation is considered in
computing the response for the current time
step
• The time-history analysis is in-fact a piece wise
solution of the entire force histogram

102
ACECOMS
 Earthquake Records
0.1
Acceleration (g)

Cliff Station from 1989 Loma Preita, USA

-0.1

0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec)
0.05
Acceleration (g)

CUIP Station from 1985 Michoacan, Mexico

-0.05

103
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec) ACECOMS
 Ground Motion
  2u   u  u
u g
2

• The input Variables

are ground
acceleration,
damping ratio and
circular frequency
• The final unknown
is displacement
(and its derivatives)

104
ACECOMS
 IBC2000 Method
• At least three time histories should be used
– The magnitude, fault distance and source mechanism
should be scaled to consistent with MCE (Maximum
Considered Earthquake)
– If actual records not available then use simulated records
• The Scaling
– Use 5% damping and get SRSS of each component (x and
y) of three analysis
– The average of SRSS of 3 analysis net less 1.4 times the 2/3
of the maximum (MCE)

105
ACECOMS
 Input-Output for Time History Analysis

• Input
– Mass and stiffness distribution
– The acceleration-time record
– The scaling factors
– Directional factors
– Analysis Time step etc.
• Output
– Displacements, stress resultants and stresses are each time
step
– The envelop values of response

106
ACECOMS
 Time-History Analysis Using ETABS

• Step-1
• Use “Define
Time History
Function”
option to
define a Value
Vs Time
Function
• Analysis for
several Time
History
curves can be
done at the
107
same time ACECOMS
 Time-History Analysis Using ETABS

• Step-2
• Use “Define
Analysis
Case” option
to define a
Analysis Case
using one of
the Defined
TH Curve
• TH can be
attached to
any Load
Case
108
ACECOMS
Scaling and Combining Results

Member Design
 Loads to Actions
• Loads

• Load Cases

• Load Combinations

• Design Envelopes

110 • Design Actions ACECOMS

 Load Combinations
• Some Examples (Based on ACI-318)
– 1.4ΣDL
– 1.4ΣDL + 1.7(ΣLL + ΣRLL)
– 0.75[1.4ΣDL + 1.7(ΣLL + ΣRLL) + 1.7WL]
– 0.75[1.4ΣDL + 1.7(ΣLL + ΣRLL) - 1.7WL]
– 0.9ΣDL + 1.3WL • Obtained from
– 0.9ΣDL - 1.3WL which code and
– 1.1 [1.2ΣDL + 0.5(ΣLL + ΣRLL) + 1.0E] which method?
– 1.1 [1.2ΣDL + 0.5(ΣLL + ΣRLL) - 1.0E]
– 1.1 (0.9ΣDL + 1.0E) • Need pre-
– 1.1 (0.9ΣDL - 1.0E) scaling?

111
ACECOMS
 Scaling of Results
As per UBC-97 (for Eq. Static and RS) :

– Scale factor = 0.9 Vs / Vd ≥ 1 unless site-specific spectrum is

used or building is irregular

– Adjusted Vm = (0.9 Vs / Vd) (Original Vm)

– Adjusted Vd = mean root square of adjusted Vm values

112
ACECOMS
 Scaling of Results
As per IBC (for Eq. Static and RS) :

– Scale factor Cm = V / Vt
• Where V is based on Static Analysis and Vt is based on
Response Spectrum
• Generally Cm should be greater than or equal to 1.0
• For following cases, Cm should not exceed 1.0
– Sd1 >= 0.2 (Zone high)
– T > 0.7 (Building higher that about 7 floors)
– Soil Type E or F (Bad soil)

113
ACECOMS
 Scaling of Results
• It is important to realize that a global scaling
factor is computed on the basis of base shear
only. Local member actions may differ
significantly between the Static Analysis
results, the Response Spectrum and the Time
History Analysis results. All results need to be
scaled uniformly by same scaling factor
• The dynamic analysis will be more “accurate”
for irregular and unsymmetrical structures

114
ACECOMS
 Obtaining Envelop Results

Comb1 Comb2 Comb3 Comb N

Load Case -1

Load Case - 2

Load Case - 3
Envelop Results
Load Case - M
Max, P
Total P1 P2 P3 PN Min, P

115
ACECOMS
 Can Envelop Results be Used for Design ?
• Actions Interact with each other,
P
effecting the stresses

• For Column Design: P, Mx, My

• For Beam Design: Mx, Vy, Tz
• For Slabs: Mx, My, Mxy
• At least 3 Actions from each combination Mx
must be considered together as set My
• Therefore, Envelop Results Can Not be
Used
• Every Load Combinations must be used
for design with complete “Action Set”
116
ACECOMS
 Design Actions For Static Loads
• For static loads,
Combinations
Design Actions are

Load Cases
obtained as the
cumulative result
from each load
combination, as set
for all interacting
actions Design
Actions
Obtained as
• The final or critical set from all
Combinations
results from design of
all load combinations
117 are adopted ACECOMS
 Static, Dynamic and Nonlinear Results
For a Single Action:
1
Static Load Case

+
Response Spectrum Load Case
-
Load
1 for each Time Step Combination
Time History Load Case Table
OR 1 for envelop

1 for each Load Step

Static Non-linear Load Case
OR 1 for Envelop

118
ACECOMS
 Response Spectrum Results for Action Set
Design Actions needed for Columns:

+P, +Mx, +My

+P, +Mx, -My

Load Combination Table

+P, -Mx, +My
Maximum Results obtained by: +P, -Mx, -My
SRSS, CQC, etc.
-P, +Mx, +My
P, Mx, My> -P, +Mx, -My
-P, -Mx, +My
-P, -Mx, -My

119
ACECOMS
 Time History Analysis Results
Option – 2:
Design For All Values
(At each time step)

Max Val

Option – 1:
Envelope Design
T (sec)

Min Val

Response Curve for One Action

120
ACECOMS
 Design Methods and Concepts

121
ACECOMS
 The Response and Design

Applied Loads Material Response

From Strains to Response

From Loads to Stresses

Building Analysis Section Response

Member Actions Member Response

Cross-section Actions Building Response

Material Stress/Strain Load Capacity

122
ACECOMS
 From Serviceability to Performance

Allowable material, control on Serviceability

deformation limits for design loads Design

Material failure criteria, section capacity

Strength Design
for factored loads

Ductility considerations, deformation

capacity, load capacity at large Performance
deformations. Extraordinary load Design
considerations
123
ACECOMS
 From Serviceability to Performance
• Satisfying one design level does not ensure
that other design levels will be satisfied
– Serviceability design only ensures that deflections and
vibrations etc. for service loads are within limits but says
nothing about strength
– Strength design ensures that a certain factor of safety
against overload is available within a member or a cross-
section but says nothing about what happens if load exceeds
design level
– Performance design ensures that structure as a whole
reaches a specified demand level. Performance design can
include, both service and strength design levels

124
ACECOMS
 From Serviceability to Performance
• The entire response of structure or a member
can be determined, in an integrated manner
from the Action-Deformation Curve

A – Serviceability P D
C
B – Cracking Limit
C – Strength Limit
B
D – Failure Limit

Load
P

Δ
A

Deformation D
125
ACECOMS
 Determining Cross-section Response
Material Stress-Strain Curves

Cross-section Dimensions

Given Moment Direction Capacity

Interaction Surface

Given P value
Performance

Given Moments Given Axial Load

Strength
Moment-Curvature Curves
P-M Curve M-M Curve
•Moment for Given Curvature
•Curvature for Given Moment
•Yield Moment •Moment for Given Load •Mx for Given My
•Stiffness •Load for Given Moment •My for Given Mx
126 •Ductility •Capacity Ratio •Capacity Ratio
ACECOMS
 P-M and M-M Interaction Curves

127
ACECOMS
 The Moment Curvature Curve
• Ductility and Seismic
Performance is
dependent on the
Action-Deformation
curves such as
Moment-Curvature
Curve that use the
entire material
response

128
ACECOMS
 Strength and Performance

• In Strength Design, every member and every

cross-section must satisfy strength equation
• Even if all members and sections are designed
for strength, the structure may not perform well
in case of overload
• In Performance Based Design, only a few
members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well
• Therefore for strengthening of structures, we
may only need to strengthen members or
section in the critical load path
129
ACECOMS
 Members on Critical Load Path

• In Performance Based Design, only a few

members on the critical load path need to
perform well for the structure to perform well

• Therefore for strengthening of structures, we

may only need to strengthen members or
section in the critical load path

130
ACECOMS
 Special Seismic Member Design
• Capacity Based Design
– Strength compared on bases of actual capacity rather than
design capacity
– Over-design may not be good
• Column Stronger than Beam
– The “As Provided” flexural strength of columns at a joint
should be greater than that of beams
• Stronger in Shear than in Flexure
– The “As Provided” shear strength should be greater than
flexural strength

131
ACECOMS
 What Effects Performance?

• Performance is generally of concern for lateral

loads such as earthquake and wind
• The main factor that effects performance is the
Ductility of the members on the critical load
path
• In frame structures, the design of the joints
between columns and beams is critical
• The performance of shear walls if great
importance for lateral load demands

132
ACECOMS
 Ductility – Definition and Usage
• Ductility can be

Load
defined as the “ratio of
deformation and a Yield/ Design
Strength
given stage to the
maximum deformation Dy Du
capacity”
• Normally ductility is Deformation
measured from the
Ductility = Dy / Du
deformation at design
strength to the
maximum deformation
at failure
133
ACECOMS
 What Effects Ductility!

• The most important factor effecting ductility of

reinforced concrete cross-section is the
confinement of concrete
– Amount of confinement steel
– Shape of confinement steel
• Other factors include:
– Presence of Axial Load
– Stress-strain curve of rebars
– Amount of rebars in tension
– Amount of rebars in compression
– The shape of cross-section
134
ACECOMS
 Action – Deformation Curves

• Relationship between action and corresponding

deformation
• These relationships can be obtained at several
levels
– The Structural Level: Load - Deflection
– The Member Level: Moment - Rotation
– The Cross-section Level: Moment - Curvature
– The Material Level : Stress-Strain
• The Action-Deformation curves show the entire
response of the structure, member, cross-
section or material
135
ACECOMS
 Outputs from M-Phi Curve - Summary
Plot M-Phi Curve

M 
b
M D  
EI  Determine curvature x dx
 at known moment a
EI 

Determine Flexural
Determine Deflection
Stiffness (EI)
b
 
M
dx   c
a
EI
Determine Slope Determine Strain

W
X 
s
W  s X
Determine Crack
Spacing/Width
136
ACECOMS
 Nonlinear Static Method

Pushover Analysis
 Seismic Analysis
Acceleration Records
Mu  Cu  Ku  Mug Time History Analysis

  Cu  Ku  FNL  F
Mu
Free Vibration Equivalent
Ku  FEQ Static Analysis
  Ku  0
Mu
Pushover
Ku  FNL  FEQ Analysis

Ku  FEQ Response Spectrum

Analysis

138 Response Spectrums

ACECOMS
 Linear and Non-Linear

Mu  Cu  Ku  FNL  F

  Cu  Ku
Mu
Linear Part
Non-Linear Part
139
ACECOMS
 The Structure Stiffness - K
Material Stiffness

Cross-section Geometry

Section Stiffness

Member Geometry

Member Stiffness

Structure Geometry
Linear Structure Stiffness
Non-Linear
140
ACECOMS
 Pushover Analysis
• One Dimensional Static Loads
• No Energy Dissipation
• Inertia Forces Not Considered
• Defined One Failure Mode
• Higher Mode Effects Neglected

141
ACECOMS
 The Pushover Analysis

• An alternate method of analysis for carrying out

the Performance Based Design
• Pushover analysis is carried out after the
Linear Analysis has been done and
Serviceability and Strength design has been
completed
• Pushover analysis is most suitable for
determining the performance, specially for
lateral loads such as Earthquake or even wind

142
ACECOMS
 Why Pushover Analysis
• Buildings do not respond as linearly elastic
systems during strong ground shaking
• Improve Understanding of Building Behavior
– More accurate prediction of global displacement
– More realistic prediction of earthquake demand on
individual components and elements
– More reliable identification of “bad actors”
• Reduce Impact and Cost of Seismic Retrofit
– Less conservative acceptance criteria
– Less extensive construction
• Advance the State of the Practice

143
ACECOMS
 Performance Based Design - Basics
• Design is based not on Ultimate Strength but
rather on Expected Performance
– Basic Ultimate Strength does not tell us what will be
performance of the structure at Ultimate Capacity

• Performance Based Design Levels

– Fully Operational
– Operational
– Life Safe
– Near Collapse
– Collapse

144
ACECOMS
 Pushover Spectrum

145
ACECOMS
 Pushover Demand Curves

146
ACECOMS
 Earthquake Push on Building

147
ACECOMS
 The Pushover Curve

148
ACECOMS
 Pushover Capacity Curves

149
ACECOMS
 Demand Vs Capacity

150
ACECOMS
 Non-linearity in Pushover
• Material nonlinearity at discrete, user-defined hinges in
frame/line elements.
1. Material nonlinearity in the link elements.
• Gap (compression only), hook (tension only), uniaxial plasticity
base isolators (biaxial plasticity and biaxial friction/pendulum)..
2. Geometric nonlinearity in all elements.
• Only P-delta effects
• P-delta effects plus large displacements
3. Staged (sequential) construction.
• Members can be added or removed in a sequence of stages during
each analysis case.

151
ACECOMS
 Important Considerations
• Mathematically, static nonlinear analysis does
not always guarantee a unique solution.
• Small changes in properties or loading can
cause large changes in nonlinear response.
• It is Important to consider many different
loading cases, and sensitivity studies on the
effect of varying the properties of the structure
• Nonlinear analysis takes time and patience.
Don’t Rush it or Push to Hard

152
ACECOMS
 Base Shear Vs Displacement

153
ACECOMS
 Capacity Spectrum

154
ACECOMS
 Summary
• We have to think in terms of “Displacements”
and not in terms of loads, stresses or strains
• The main idea is to compare expected
displacements or required displacements with
the ability of the structure to reach those
displacements without failing
OR
indicating that it will not reach those
displacements

155
ACECOMS
 Improving Seismic Response

Member Detailing
 Overview of Seismic Detailing
• Key Principles:
– Structure will undergo fairly large deformation under
design earthquake
– Yielding of some member is expected/allowed
– Several cycles of loading into inelastic range
– Structure should survive without loss of vertical load
carrying capacity
– Members should release input energy through damping

157
ACECOMS
 Basic Cross-sections

Plain concrete shape Reinforced concrete section Compact Hot-rolled steel shape

Composite section Reinforced concrete,

Compact Built-up steel
composite section
158 section
ACECOMS
 Confined Cross-sections

159
ACECOMS
 ACI-318 and ACI 315
Detailing Provisions

160
ACECOMS
 Overview of Seismic Detailing
• Typical Detailing Requirements:

– Case A:
• Detailing of components designed to resist earthquake
loads

– Case B:
• Detailing of components not designed to resist
earthquake loads

161
ACECOMS
 Seismic Detailing
• Special provision in the ACI code govern
detailing of structure to resist earthquakes of
– Low or minor level – No Special Provisions
– Intermediate level - Intermediate detailing
– High seismic demand – Special detailing for ductility
• Special Design and Detailing specified in
Chapter 21
• The detailing provisions mostly applied on top
of normal design provisions and handle joints,
end zones, stirrup spacing, anchorage, lap
splices, confinement etc
•
162
ACECOMS
 0.3L or
0.25 L 0.3L or 0.3L1 0.3L1

83.33% 83.33% 83.33%

Top

16.67%

0.125L 0.125L1

75% 75%
Bottom

25% 25%

L L1

Perimeter Beam-ACI315-92

l2 l2 l2

Top

l1 = Distance required for design

Minimum 2 bars moment + anchorage length
continuous T & B l2 = Distance to point of inflection
+ anchorage length
l1 and l2 are input by engineer
Bottom

l1 l1 l1

L>=4d L1

163
ACECOMS
Typical seismic resistant details (flexural members)-ACI315-92
 x2 x2 x2

Top

Bottom

x1 x1 x1

L>=4d L1

Typical seismic resistant details (flexural members)-ACI315-92

164
ACECOMS
 Beam Curtailment
End Span
0.25 L
Top Reinf.
Typical Span
With open 0.3L or 0.3L1
stirrups
Non-continuous
Standard Hook 25% of -ve Mom
Bottom Reinf. Reinf. stops at
and Overlap Reinf. continuous
0.125L from support
Non-perimeter
Beams End Span
Var: L, L1 0.25 L
Top Reinf.
Typical Span
With closed 0.3L or 0.3L1
stirrups

Bottom Reinf. Straight bars

End Span
0.25 L

Typical Span
Top Reinf.
0.3L or 0.3L1

Perimeter At least 1/6th

Beam Curtailment
Beams of -ve reifn. is
Var: L, L1, l1, l2
Var: L, L1 continuous
Non-continuous
Standard Hook 25% of -ve Mom
Bottom Reinf. Reinf. stops at
and Overlap Reinf. continuous
0.125L from support

End Span l2

Typical Span
Top Reinf.
l2

Min. 2 bars
continuous
Siesmic
Var: l1, l2
End Span l1

Typical Span
Bottom Reinf.
l1

Min. 2 bars
continuous
165
ACECOMS
 Square Columns – Smaller Size

4-Bars 6-Bars 8-Bars 10-Bars

12-Bars 16-Bars 20-Bars 24-Bars

166
ACECOMS
 Rectangular Columns – Smaller Size

167
ACECOMS
 Large Size Columns – Special Detailing

168
ACECOMS
 Typical Seismic Detailing

169
ACECOMS
 Thank You

170
ACECOMS