TKM 406

TERMODINAMIKA TEKNIK KIMIA II

PRODUCTION OF POWER FROM HEAT

& REFRIGERATION
 Renewable Energy Sources

• Solar Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Wind Energy
• Tidal energy
• Wave Energy
• Hydroelectricity energy
• Biomassa

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 The Steam Power Plant: Rankine Cycle
3

Qin

T
Boiler Turbine Ws P3

P2 = P3 3
P4
2 4 2
1
P1 = P4 4
1 Condenser Qout
Pump
S
The processes:
 1  2 Reversible adiabatic pumping
 2  3 Isobaric heating & evaporation
 3  4 Reversible adiabatic expansion red: irreversible
 4  1 Constant pressure,constant temperature condensation

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 Example 8.1
Steam generated in power at pressure of 8,600 kPa and a
temperature of 500©C is fed to a turbine. Exhaust from the
turbine enters a condenser at 10 kPa, where it s condensed to
saturated liquid, which is then pumped to the boiler

(a) What is the thermal efficiency of a Rankine cycle operating

at these conditions?
(b) What is the thermal efficiency of a practical cycle operating
at these conditions if the turbine efficiency and pump
efficiency are both 0.75?
(c) If the rating of the power cycle of part (b) 80,000KW ,
what is the steam rate and what are the heat-transfer rates in
the boiler and condenser?

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 Problem 8.4
Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating on the
Rankine cycle at 3300 kPa and exhausts at 50 kPa. To show
the effect of superheating on the performance of the cycle,
calculate the thermal efficiency of the cycle and the quality
of the exhaust steam from the turbine for turbine-inlet
steam temperature of 450, 550, and 650 oC.
Pump efficiency = 85%
Turbine efficiency = 80%
Sketch the process in a T-S and a P-H diagram

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 Problem 8.11
A power plant operating on heat from a geothermal source
uses isobutane as the working medium in a Rankine cycle.
Isobutane is heated at 3400 kPa (a pressure just a little
below its critical pressure) to a temperature of 140oC, at
which conditions it enters the turbine. Isentropic expansion
in the turbine produces superheated vapor at 450 kPa, which
is cooled and condensed to saturated liquid and pumped to
the heater/boiler. If the flow rate of isobutane is 75 kg/s,
what is the power output of the cycle and what are the heat
transfer rates in the heater/boiler and cooler/condenser?
What is the thermal efficiency if the cycle? 2606,775
ln P sat / kPa  14,57100 
t / o C  274,068
The turbine and the pump have an efficiency of 80%.
The vapor pressure of isobutane:
The Steam Power Plant : Regenerative Cycle
Multi stages Turbine

Thermal efficiency is increased if :

P, T vaporazation turbine is raised
 Superherated turbine is raised
P, T condenser is reduce
The Steam Power Plant : Regenerative Cycle
 Internal Combustion Engine:
The Otto Cycle – The Gasoline Engine
VC
compressio n ratio : rc 
VD
6-8

The processes:
> 0  1 Intake at constant pressure
> 1  2 Adiabatic compression of fuel/oil mixture
> 2  3 Ignition: rapid combustion at constant volume
> 3  4 Adiabatic expansion of combustion products
> 4  1 Constant volume air rejection
 Example 4.20
Consider an air-standard Otto cycle operating on 5
kg of air with inlet conditions of 80 kPa & 37oC.
A compression ratio of 10 is used and 500 kJ of
heat is added during ignition.
Determine Q, W, P, & T for each step of the
process and the overall efficiency of the process.

γ =1.4
CV=20.93 J/mol.K
 Problem 4.24
An air-standard Otto cycle operates with a
compression ratio of 8, inlet conditions of 60oF
& 14.7 psia, and a heat addition of 1200 Btu/lb
air. The fuel and air in stoichiometric
proportions gives off 1200 Btu/lb of mixture on
combustion.

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and

the maximum temperature & pressure in the
cycle.
 10
Suatu siklus Otto udara-ideal menyerap panas
sebesar 1500 J/mol dari panas hasil pembakaran
bahan bakar. Tekanan dan temperatur awal kompresi
adalah 1 bar dan 30 oC, dan tekanan pada akhir
langkah kompresi adalah 5 bar. Asumsikan udara
sebagai gas ideal dengan tetapan Laplace,  = 1,4.
Berdasarkan uraian proses siklus Otto di atas:
a. Hitung efisiensi termal mesin Otto tersebut
b. Tentukan rasio kompresi (rC) siklus Otto
udara-ideal tersebut!
Internal Combustion Engine:
Diesel Engine
The diesel engine differs from the
Otto engine primarily in that the
temperature at the end of
compression is sufficiently high
that the combustion is initiated
spontaneously.

For the same compression ratio,

the Otto engine has a higher
V
efficiency. The diesel engine compressio n ratio : rc  C
operates at higher compression VD 13 - 17
ratio, and consequently higher VB
efficiency. exp ansion ratio : re 
VA
 Problem 4.25
An air-standard Diesel cycle operates at a
compression ratio of 14, inlet conditions
of 60oF & 14.7 psia, and a maximum
temperature of 2000 R.

Determine the thermal efficiency of the

cycle.
 Problem 8.13
An air-standard Diesel cycle absorbs 1500 J/mol of
heat. The pressure & temperature at the
beginning of the compression step are 1 bar &
20oC, and the pressure at the end of the
compression step is 4 bar.

Assuming air to be ideal gas for which Cp = 7/2 R

and Cv = 5/2 R, what are the compression ratio
and the expansion ratio of the cycle?
 11
Suatu mesin diesel bekerja berdasar siklus Diesel
udara-ideal menyerap panas sebesar 1500 J/mol
dari panas hasil pembakaran bahan bakar. Tekanan
dan temperatur awal kompresi adalah 1 bar dan
30 oC, dan tekanan pada akhir langkah kompresi
adalah 5 bar. Asumsikan udara sebagai gas ideal
dengan tetapan Laplace,  = 1,4.
a. Hitung efisiensi siklus (dalam %)!
b. Tentukan rasio kompresi (rC) dan rasio
ekspansi (re) siklus Diesel udara-ideal tersebut!
 Brayton Cycle – The Gas Turbine

The advantages of internal combustion engine &

turbine are combined in the gas – turbine system.
 Problem 4.26
An air-standard Brayton cycle operates at pressure
ratio of 4 across the compressor with inlet air
entering the compressor at 60oF & 14.7 psia.
The maximum cycle temperature is 2000 R and
1200 lb/min of air flows through the cycle.

Determine the work of the compressor, the work

of the turbine, ant the thermal efficiency of the
cycle.
 Example 2.4
Consider a simple gas turbine system with air entering
the compressor at 14.7 psia, 60 F and exhausting at 150 psia.
The maximum cycle temperature is 2000 F at the turbine
inlet.

Calculate the cycle efficiency and net work per pound of air,
using:
Compressor internal efficiency 0.85
Turbine internal efficiency 0.88
Average constant pressure specific heat 0.25 Btu/lb.R
Specific heat ratio 1.4
 Refrigeration– The Reverse Heat Engine
Refrigeration implies the maintenance of a low temperature below
that of the surroundings. This requires continuous absorption
of heat at a low temperature level.
Refrigeration is best known for its use in the air conditioning of
buildings and in the treatment, transportation, and
preservation of foods and beverages.
It is also finds large-scale industrial application, viz. in the
manufacture of ice and the dehydration of gases. Application
in petroleum industry include lubricating oil purification, low-
temperature reactions, and separation of volatile
hydrocarbons. A closely related process is gas liquefaction,
which has important commercial applications.
 Refrigeration– The Reverse Heat Engine
The coefficient of performance:
heat absorbed at the lower temp erature QC QC
COP   
net work W Q H  QC
 Refrigeration– The Vapor Compression Cycle
The coefficient of performance:
heat absorbed at the lower temp erature Q C H 2  H1
COP   
net work W H3  H 4
 Refrigeration– The Vapor Compression Cycle
The coefficient of performance:
heat absorbed at the lower temp erature Q C H 2  H1
COP   
net work W H3  H 4
Property of
HFC-134a = CF3CH2F
Pressure – Entalphi Diagram of HFC-134a = CF3CH2F
 Choice of Refrigerant
The irreversibilities inherent in the vapor-compression cycle
cause the COP of practical refrigerators to depend to some
extent on the refrigerant.
Characteristics such as toxicity, flammability, cost, corrosion
properties, and vapor pressure in relation to temperature are
of great importance in the choice of refrigerant.
In order that air cannot leak into the refrigeration system, the
vapor pressure of refrigerant at the evaporation temperature
TC should be greater than atmospheric pressure.
On the other hand, the vapor pressure at the condenser
temperature TH = TS should not be unduly high because of
the expensive high pressure equipment.
 The Most Common Refrigerant
CFC-11 : CCl3F
CFC-12 : CCl2F2

HCFC-123 : CHCl2CF3

HFC-134a : CF3CH2F
HFC-125 : CHF2CF3
Two Stage
Refrigeration
 Example 9.1
A refrigerated space is maintained at 10oF, and
cooling water is available at 70oF. Refrigeration
capacity is 120000 Btu/hr. The evaporator &
condenser are of sufficient size that a 10oF minimum-
temperature difference for heat transfer can be
realized in each. The refrigerant is HFC-134a.
a. What is the value of COP for a Carnot
refrigerator?
b. Calculate COP and the rate of circulation of
refrigerant if the compressor efficiency is 80%
 11
Sebuah sistem refrijerasi menggunakan metana sebagai
refrijeran dengan laju alir 1000 kg/jam. Metana berupa cair
jenuh memasuki JT valve, diekspansikan secara isentalpi sampai
tekanannya menjadi 0,8 MPa. Metana uap jenuh dikompresi
secara adiabatik-ireversibel dalam sebuah kompresor sehingga
diperoleh kondisi 3,5 MPa dan 240 K. Sedangkan penguapan,
desuperheating dan pengembunan berlangsung pada tekanan
konstan. Dari deskripsi sistem refrijerasi di atas:

Gambarkan siklus refrijeran dalam diagram P-H metana!

Hitung efisiensi kompresor (dalam %)!
Daya kompresi yang dibutuhkan (dalam kW)!
Tentukan COP siklus tersebut!
Hitung kapasitas refrijerasi (dalam ton-refrijerasi)!
Tentukan kualitas uap (dalam %) dan temperature (dalam oC)
uap metan meninggalkan JT valve!