Modes of transfer in computer

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 Introduction
• Binary information received from an external
device is usually stored in memory.
• Information transferred from the central
computer into an external device also is
originally from the memory.
• Data transfer between the central computer and
input and output devices may be handled in a
variety of modes

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 Different modes of data transfer

Programmed I/O

Interrupt initiated I/O

Direct memory access (DMA)

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 Programmed I/O
• These operations are a results of I/O instructions written in the
computer program. Data transfer is initiated by an instruction in
the program.
• Usually the data transfer data between CPU register and
peripheral device. Other instructions are used to transfer data
transfer data between CPU and memory.
• The peripheral has to be constantly monitored. Once a data
transfer is initiated, the CPU is required to monitor the interface
to see when a transfer can again be made.
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 Applications of programmed I/O
method

 Useful in small low speed computers.

 Used in systems that are dedicated to monitor a

device continuously.

 Used in the data register.

 Used to check the status of the flag bit and branch.

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 Interrupt initiated I/O
• This can be avoided by using an interrupt facility and special
commands to inform the interface to issue an interrupt
request signal when the data are available from the device.

• Meanwhile, CPU can proceed to execute another program.

The interfaces keeps monitoring the device.

• When the interface determines that the device is ready for

data transfer, it generates an interrupt request to the
computer.
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 Service routines of Interrupt
initiated I/O

Service routines of interrupt initiated I/O can be

chosen in two ways.

 Vectored interrupt

 Non-vectored interrupt

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 Direct Memory Access (DMA)
• The interface transfer data into and out of the memory unit
through the memory bus.

• The CPU initiates the transfer of supplying the interface with the
starting address and the number of words needed to be
transferred and then proceed to execute other tasks.

• When the request is granted by the memory controller, the DMA

transfer the data directly into memory. The CPU delays its
memory access operation to allow the direct memory I/O
transfer. www.ustudy.in
 Direct Memory Access (DMA)
During DMA transfer, the CPU is idle and has no
control of the memory buses. The buses can be
disabled by using two special control signals.

 Bus request (BR)

 Bus Grant (BG)

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 I/O Processor
Many computers combines the interface logic with the
requirements for direct memory access into one unit and
call it an I/O processor. The IOP can handle many
peripherals through a DMA and interrupt facility. The
computer is divided into three separate modules in such a
system.
 Memory unit
 CPU
 IOP
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 I/O Processor
CPU is the master while the IOP is a slave processor. The
CPU performs the tasks of initiating all operations.

The operations include

 Starting an I/O transfer

 Testing I/O status conditions needed for making

decisions on various I/O activites.

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Reference Link
• http://www.mans.edu.eg/faceng/english/compu
ters/PDFS/PDF4/4.4.pdf
• www.authorstream.com

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The End

…..Thank you…..

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