PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THIRD EDITION

C H A P T E R

2
Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.4 (a) Automotive circuits

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.4 (b) Equivalent electrical circuit

Ibatt
Ihead Itail Istart I fan I locks Idash
+
Vbatt
–

(b)

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.8 (a) Electrical vehicle battery pack

Vbatt1 Vbatt2 Vbattn

12 V 12 V 12 V 12 V 12 V

DC-AC converter
(electric drive)

AC motor

(a)

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.8 (b) Illustration of KVL

vbatt2 vbatt3 vbatt31

+ –+ – + –

+
+ Power
vbatt1 converter vdrive
– and motor
–

(b)
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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.10 Various representations of an

electrical system

i i

+
Source

+
Load

v VS _+ v R
–
– + –
Car Headlight
i battery
Power flow
(a) Conceptual (b) Symbolic (circuit) (c) Physical
representation representation representation
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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.18 Volt-ampere characteristic of a

tungsten light bulb
i (amps)
0.5
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

–60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 v (volts)

– 0.1
Current
meter –0.2
i
+ –0.3
Variable
voltage v –0.4
source –
–0.5

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.20 The resistance element

i i

+
l
l R= R v 1/R
A
–
A
v

Physical resistors Circuit symbol i-v characteristic

with resistance R.
Typical materials are
carbon, metal film.
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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.22 Resistor color code

b 4 b 3 b 2 b 1

Color bands

black 0 blue 6
brown 1 violet 7
red 2 gray 8
orange 3 white 9
yellow 4 silver 10%
green 5 gold 5%

Resistor value = ( b 1 b 2 ) 10 b 3;
b 4 = % tolerance in actual value
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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.30
R
+ v –
+
1.5 V _+ v R
i –
– v +

The current i flows through each of

the four series elements. Thus, by 1.5 = v1+ v 2+ v3
KVL,

R N

R n

R EQ

R3

N series resistors are equivalent to

a single resistor equal to the sum of R2
the individual resistances.
R1

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.32 Parallel circuits

KCL applied at this node

+
i1 i2 i3
R1 R2 R3 Rn RN REQ
iS R1 R2 R3 v

– N resistors in parallel are equivalent to a single equivalent

The voltage v appears across each parallel resistor with resistance equal to the inverse of the sum of
element; by KCL, i S = i1 + i2 + i 3 the inverse resistances.

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.36 Wheatstone bridge circuits

c
R1 R3
+
_
vS a va v b b
R2 Rx
d
(a)
c

R1 R3
+
_
vS a va vb b
R2 Rx

d
(b)
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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.37 A force-measuring instrument

F c

ia ib

R1 R3
+
R2 , R3 bonded vS va vb
to bottom surface –
R2 R4
Beam cross section h
w
d

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.38 Practical voltage source

rS iS

+
Practical
vS _+ vL
voltage RL

source –

vS
iS =
rS + R L
vS
lim i S =
RL 0 rS

rS iS max

vS +
_ vL

–
The maximum (short circuit)
current which can be supplied
by a practical voltage source is
iS max = vS
rS

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.39 Practical current source

A model for practical current +

sources consists of an ideal source
in parallel with an internal iS rS vS RL
resistance. –

Maximum output +
voltage for practical iS r v S
current source with S

open-circuit load: –

vS max = i S rS

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.41 Measurement of current

R1 R1

A
A vS +
_ R2 vS +_
i i R2

Symbol for A series Circuit for the measurement

ideal ammeter circuit of the current i

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.42 Measurement of voltage

R1 R1

+ + +
vS +
_ v2 R2 V vS +
_ v2 R2 V v2
–
i – i –

A series Ideal Circuit for the measurement

circuit voltmeter of the voltage v 2

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.43 Models for practical ammeter

and voltmeter

rm V

Practical
voltmeter

rm

Practical
ammeter
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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.44 Measurement of power

R1 i R1
W A

+ +
vS _+ v2 R2 vS +
_ V v 2 R2
– –

Measurement of the power Internal wattmeter connections

dissipated in the resistor R2:
P2 = v2 i

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.45 Definition of a branch

a

+ i
A
Branch v Branch R
voltage current
rm
–
A branch

b
Ideal A battery Practical
resistor ammeter

Examples of circuit branches

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.47 Definition of a node

Node a
Node c Node a

vS iS
Node

Node b
Node b

Examples of nodes in practical circuits

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.48 Definition of a loop

Note how two different loops
in the same circuit may in-
clude some of the same ele-
ments or branches.
R

vS iS R1 R2
Loop 1 Loop 2

1-loop circuit 3-loop circuit

(How many nodes in
Loop 3 this circuit?)

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 PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
THIRD EDITION

Figure 2.49 Definition of a mesh

How many loops can you identify in this four-mesh circuit? (Answer: 14)
R3 R4

Mesh 3

R1 Mesh
4
+ Mesh R5
Mesh
vS 1 R2 3
_ iS

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