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Alkaloids
Alkaloids
Alkaloids
Pyrrole
Coca Spp.
(Hygrine, Stachydrine)
Pyrrolidine
Aporphine
(Boldine)
Nor-lupinane (lupanine)
Imidazole (Pilocarpine)
Purine (Caffeine)
C. Biosynthetic Classification:
The alkaloids derived from the same precursor have
been grouped into the same class.
Precursors Alkaloids
Tyrosine Benzyl-isoquinoline
Tryptophane Indole, Quinoline
Pyridine Pyridine
OR
Atropine
Pharmacological effects:
Atropine produces a mydriatic effect by paralysing the
iris and ciliary muscle and hence used in iritis and corneal
inflammation and lesions.
Methylation Decarboxylation
Oxidation
2 X AcetylCoA
Cyclization
Decarboxylation
Reduction
OR
Hyoscine (Scopolamine)
Ornithine putriscine
Hyoscyamine
O2/2-oxoglutarate
Hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylase
O2/2-oxoglutarate
Hyoscine 6-Hydroxyhyoscyamine
Hyoscine (Scopolamine)
Uses:
Quinine is used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant
malaria, a disease caused by protozoa(Plasmodium
falciparum).
+
Reserpine
Homoallylic
isomerization
Reduction
1. Hydroxylation
2. + trimethoxybenzoyl Chloride
Opium Alkaloids
2
Phenolic hydroxy HO 3 1
group
4 11
12 10
Ether bridge O 15 16 Tertiary Nitrogen group
13 14 9 N
5
CH3
8 Alicyclic unsaturated linkage
Alcoholic hydroxy HO
6
group 7
Morphine
Derivatives of morphine:
Uses of Morphine:
a) Analgesia:
One of the effective drug in the relief of pain.
Radical
coupling
AcetylCoA Reduction
Demethylation
Demethylation
Reduction
Papaverine
+
L-Tyrosine
SAM
Methylation Hydroxylation
Dehydrogenation Methylation
Ephedrine
Uses of ephedrine:
Ephedrine and its salts are used orally, intravenously,
intramuscularly, and topically for a variety of conditions
such as allergic disorders, colds and hypotensive
conditions.
Transamination
SAM Reduction
Ergot Alkaloid