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Heart Physiology: Nabila Alifah Zahra Perkasa 1610211096
Heart Physiology: Nabila Alifah Zahra Perkasa 1610211096
Heart Physiology: Nabila Alifah Zahra Perkasa 1610211096
• All living cells require metabolic substrates (e.g. oxygen, amino acids,
glucose) and a mechanism by which they can remove byproducts of
metabolism (e.g. carbon dioxide, lactic acid)
• To accomplish this necessary exchange, large organisms have a
sophisticated system of blood vessels that facilitates the exchange of
substances between cells and blood and between blood and
environment
• Exchange between blood and the outside environment occurs in
several different organs: lungs, GI tract, kidneys, and skin
COMPONENTS
• Heart
Serves as the pump that imparts pressure to the blood to establish the
pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to the tissues
• Blood vessels
Serves as the passageways through which blood is directed and distributed
from the heart to all parts of the body and subsequently returned to the
heart
• Blood
The transport medium within which materials being transported long
distances in the body are dissolved or suspended
• The heart is divided by a central wall (septum) into left and right halves.
• Each half functions as an independent pump that consists of an atrium
and a ventricle
• The atrium receives blood returning to the heart from the blood
vessels. The ventricle pumps blood out into the blood vessels
• The right side of the heart receives blood from the tissues and sends it
to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side of heart receive the newly
oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to tissues throughout
the body
• From the right atrium, blood flows into the right ventricle of the heart. From there it is
pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it is oxygenated. From the
lungs, blood travels to the left side of the heart (left atrium) through the pulmonary
veins. The blood vessels that go from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left
atrium are known as the pulmonary circulation
• Blood from the lungs enters the heart at left atrium and passes into the left ventricle. Blood
pumped out at the left ventricles enters the large artery known as aorta. The aorta branches
into a series of smaller arteries and oxygen left the blood and diffused into the tissues. After
leaving the capillaries, blood flows into the venous side of circulation. The veins from the
upper part of he body join to form superior vena cava. Those from the lower part of the
body form inferior vena cava. The two vena cavae empty into the right atrium. The blood
vessels that carry blood from the left side of the heart to the tissues and back to the right
side of the heart are known as systemic circulation
WHY DOES BLOOD FLOW?
• Two sets of heart valves ensure this one way flow: one set
(atrioventricular valves) between the atria and the ventricles, and the
second set (semilunar valve) between the ventricles and the arteries
• They serve the same function: preventing the backward flow of blood
• The opening between each atrium and its ventricle is guarded by an
atrioventricular valve
• The AV valve is formed from the thin flaps of tissues joined at the base
to a connective tissue ring. The flaps are slightly thickened at the edge
and connect on the ventricular side to collagenous tendons, the
chordae tendinae
HEART VALVES
• Most of the chordae fasten to the edges of the valve flaps. The opposite ends of the
chordae are tethered to moundlike extensions of ventricular muscle (papillary
muscle). This muscle provide stability for the chordae, but they cannot actively open
and close the AV valves.
• The two AV valves are not identical. The valve that separates the right atrium and
the right ventricle has three flaps and is called the tricuspid valve. The valve
between the left atrium and the left ventricle has only two flaps and is called
bicuspid valve or mitral valve
• The semilunar valve separate the ventricles from the major arteries. The aortic
valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta, and the pulmonary valve lies
between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
CARDIAC MUSCLE
• From the AV node, the depolarization moves into the ventricles. Purkinje fibers
specialized conducting cells, transmit electrical signals very rapidly down the AV
bundle in the ventricular septum
• AV bundle fibers divide into left and right bundle branches. The bundle branch
fibers continue downward to the apex of the heart, where they divide into smaller
Purkinje fibers that spread outward among the contractile cells
• If electrical signals from the atria were conducted directly into the ventricles, the
ventricles would start contracting at the top. Then blood would be squeezed
downward and become trapped in the bottom of the ventricles
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• Physiologists discovered that they could place electrodes on the skin’s surface
and record the electrical activity of the heart. It is possible to use surface
electrodes to record internal activity because salt solutions are good conductors
of electricity.
• These recordings, called electrocardiograms show the summed electrical activity
generated by all cells of the heart
• An ECG is not the same as a single action potential. An action potential is one
electrical event in an single cell, recorded using an intracellular electrode. The
ECG is an extracellular recording that represents the sum of multiple action
potentials taking place in many heart muscle cells.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
• Because depolarization initiates muscle contraction, the electrical events (waves) of an ECG can be
associated with contraction or relaxation
• The cardiac cycle (contraction relaxation cycle) begins with both atria and ventricles at rest
• The ECG begins with atrial depolarization. Atrial contraction starts during the latter part of the P wave
and continues during the P-R segment. During the P-R segment, the electrical signal is sowing down as
it passes through the AV node and AV bundle
• Ventricular contraction begins just after the Q wave and continues through T wave. The ventricles are
repolarizing during the T wave, which is followed by ventricular relaxation. During the T-P segment the
heart is electrically quiet
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM