By : Hakim Ullah

BSPT(LNH)
At the end of the course the student should be
able to:
 Define Basic Terminology
 Explain Historical Background
 Describe Nomenclature of Orthotics
 Describe Biomechanical Principles
 Define Materials Used in Orthotics Manufacturing
 Discuss Methods of Construction.
 Orthosis are derived from the Greek expression
“making straight”
 Orthosis is an orthopedic appliance or apparatus to
support, align, prevent, correct deformities or to
improve function of movable part of body
 Brace: synonymous with orthosis
is a device that corrects irregularities.
 Splint: temporary orthosis
 2750 to 2625 BC deficet men wearing orthoses.
Various braces and splints used for the treatment
of fracture, dislocation.
 In 1575 Ambrois pare, The father of “ Modern
surgery” made a steel orthosis for the correction of
scoliosis and an ankle-foot orthosis for club foot.
 Hieronymus fabricius of hilden: In 1607 described
orthosis to reduce contracture after burn
 Nicholas andray: 1740 wrote about
correction and prevention of deformity in
children, Including trunk orthosis.
 Hugh Owen Thomas: In 1875 design lower
limbs orthosis for weight bearing.
 Temporarily orthosis: Used for certain time
after injury or operation.
 Permanent orthosis: Used for ever when
there is muscle weakness, paralysis or
deformity cannot be corrected.
 STATIC ORTHOSIS DYNAMIC ORTHOSIS
 Restrict all motion  May allow active joint motion one
direction. Bt block in another
 Immobilize or support direction
 Help prevent deformity
 Prevent soft-tissue  Assist weak muscle
contracture  maximize function and strength
 Prevents deformity
 Corrects deformity
 Maintains correction
 Corrects instability
 Relives Pain
 Prevent contracture
 Facilitates ambulation
 Types of orthosis

Trunk
Upper limb orthosis Lower limb orthosis
orthosis
On The Basis Of
 Name of the person who designed them
 Joint they cover
 The place of origin
 Function they provide
 Condition they treat
 By appearance
 FO = foot orthosis
 AFO = ankle-foot orthosis
 KAFO = knee-ankle-foot orthosis
 HKAFO = hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis
 THKAFO = trunk-hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis
 LSO = lumbosacral orthosis
 TLSO = thoracolumbosacral orthosis
 WHO = wrist hand orthosis
 Therapeutic Benefits
• Resist motion
• Assist motion
• Transfer force
• Protect body parts
 Comfort
• Maximizing area
• Snug fit
• Leverage
 Three Point pressure
system

 Single pressure applied

at the area of
deformities two
additional counterforce
act in the opposite
direction
An orthosis can be constructed from
 Metal
 Plastic
 Leather
 Steel
 Aluminum
 Wood
 Plastic are light weight, easily shaped, strong,
easily clean and available in many colors
 Thermosetting materials can be molded into
permanent shape after heating.
 They do not return to their original consistency even
after being reheated.
 Thermoplastic materials soften when heated
and harden when cooled.
 Low-temperature thermoplastics can be
fabricated easily and rapidly with hot water or
hot air but they are used mainly in low stress
activities
 High-temperature (polypropylene)
thermoplastics require higher temperature
(150°C) to mold, but they are ideal for high
stress activities.
  Metals, such as stainless steel and aluminum
alloys, are adjustable, but they are heavy and
not cosmetically pleasing.
 Metals can be used for joint components, metal
uprights, sprints, and bearings.

 Titinium
 Leather
 Rubber
 Wood
 Orthosis are made in various ways
Many are mass produced
 Custom made orthosis:
 CAD-CAM: newest mode of fabrication
 The body part is exposed to electronic sensor such as a
laser scanner which create a detail pattern of segment