Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction To Academic Communication CSSC 101: Mr. L.Kahari 2017 Faculty of Science
Introduction To Academic Communication CSSC 101: Mr. L.Kahari 2017 Faculty of Science
COMMUNICATION
CSSC 101
Mr. L.Kahari
2017
Faculty of Science
L.Kahari 1
OBEJECTIVES OF LECTURE
Definition of communication.
Types of communication.
Introduction: The communication process.
Barriers to communication.
Overcoming communication barriers.
L.Kahari 2
DEFINITION OF
COMMUNICATION
Communication,” which is etymologically related to both “communion”
and “community,” comes from the Latin communicare, which means “to
make common” (Weekley, 1967. 338) or “to share.”
DeVito (1986.61) expanded on this, writing that communication is “[t]he
process or act of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver,
through a channel and with the interference of noise” .
Some would elaborate on this definition, saying that the message
transmission is intentional and conveys meaning in order to bring about
change.
“Communication is referred to as a process to emphasize that it is always
changing, always in motion” (. 239).
A process, therefore, is a series of actions (purposive, some would argue),
something that may be better thought of as a continuum, rather than a point
L.Kahari 3
is what ??
It is a process of exchanging –
Information
Ideas
Thoughts
Feelings
Emotions
Through –
Speech
Signals
Writing
Behavior
L.Kahari 4
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal Communication
This is mental conversation or communication with
yourself.
Anytime you communicate with yourself
takes place within a single person,
often for the purpose of clarifying ideas or analyzing a
situation.
Other times, intrapersonal is undertaken in order to
reflect upon or appreciate something.
Thinking,contemplation,mediation,speaking aloud to
oneself
L.Kahari 5
Levels of
Intrapersonal Communication is communication that occurs in your own
mind.
It is the basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs.
Examples are when you make any kind of decision –
what to eat or wear.
When you think about something –
what you want to do on the weekend or when you think about another
person.
L.Kahari 6
L.Kahari 7
ORGANISATIONAL
COMMUNICATION
L.Kahari 8
Small group communication
L.Kahari 9
MASS COMMUNICATION
Mass communication is a more public form of
communication between an entity and a large
and diverse audience, mediated by some form
of technology.
This may be either real time or on a taped
delay basis, or it may be rooted in the usually
recent past.
E.g Radio and television, newspapers and
magazines
L.Kahari 10
Mass communication
L.Kahari 11
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
Communication between people of different groups.
The following are examples of intercultural
communication
Cultures: English and Chinese
Races: Blacks and Whites
Ethnic groups:Shona-Ndebele
Nations: Zimbabwe-South Africa
Sub-cultures: Doctors –Lawyers.
Sub-culture-dominant culture. Homosexuals and
heterosexuals
Sexes: men-women
L.Kahari 12
Types of
People communicate with each other in a number of ways
that depend upon the message and its context in which it is
being sent.
L.Kahari 13
Verbal
It refers to the form of communication in which message
is transmitted verbally.
Communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of
writing.
In verbal communication remember the acronym “KISS”
(keep it short and simple).
L.Kahari 14
Oral
In oral communication, Spoken words are used.
It includes face-to-face conversations, speech,
telephonic conversation, video, radio,
television, voice over internet.
Communication is influence by pitch, volume,
speed and clarity of speaking.
Advantages –
It brings quick feedback.
In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial
expression and body language one can guess
whether he/she should trust what’s being said
or not.
Disadvantages –
In face-to-face discussion, user is unable to
deeply think about what he is delivering, so this
can be counted as a fault.
L.Kahari 15
Written
Advantages –
Messages can be edited and revised
Written communication provide record and
backup.
A written message enables receiver to fully
understand it and send appropriate feedback.
Disadvantages –
Written communication doesn’t bring instant
feedback. It take more time in composing a written
message as compared to word-of-mouth and
number of people struggles for writing ability.
L.Kahari
Nonverbal
Nonverbal communication is the sending or
receiving of wordless messages.
Such as gesture, body language,
posture, tone of voice or facial
expressions, is called nonverbal
communication.
Nonverbal communication is all about
the body language of speaker.
L.Kahari 17
Process of
Sender Encoding
Feedback Barrier
Channel
Decoding
Receiver
L.Kahari
KEY TERMS IN THE
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Understanding several key terms is important in
order to follow the models.
These terms are:
Sender
Encoding
Decoding
Message
Channel
Receiver
Noise
L.Kahari 19
SENDER
Initiates communication.
Is the person who is sending the message.
Encodes a message which means translating information into a message in
the form of symbols that represent ideas/concepts.
Two factors that will determine how effective the communicator are.
communicator’s attitude. It must be positive.
communicator’s selection of meaningful symbols, or selecting the right
symbols depending on your audience and the right environment
To communicate effectively, the sender must use effective verbal as well as
nonverbal techniques.
Speaking or writing clearly, organizing your points to make them easy to
follow and understand, maintaining eye contact, using proper grammar and
giving accurate information are all essential in the effectiveness of your
message.
The sender should have some understanding of who the receiver is in order
to modify the message to make it more relevant.
L.Kahari 20
ENCODING
when the sender consciously
attaches meanings to symbols
from feelings and ideas, creating
the message sent
a process of
translating ideas,
feelings, and
thoughts into
symbols
L.Kahari 21
DECODING
when the receiver interprets and
creates an understanding of what the
message sent means
a process of
translating
incoming
information into
understandable
concepts 22
L.Kahari
MESSAGE
Most crucial element of effective communication.
Comes in many different forms, such as an oral
presentation, a written document, an
advertisement or just a comment.
It is a “signal or combination of signals that
serves as a stimulus for a receiver” (DeVito,
1986, p. 201).
Can be either a sign or a symbol.
A sign, on one hand, is a natural, universally
understood phenomenon such as thunder (which
follows the occurrence of lightning) and smoke
(which suggests that a fire is also present).
L.Kahari 23
MESSAGE
A symbol, on the other hand, exists by human
convention.
The object commonly called a stop “sign” — because
it has been created by people to convey a message, and
because it is not natural and universally understood —
is an example of a symbol
The message isn't necessarily what the sender intends it
to be.
Rather, the message is what the receiver perceives the
message to be.
As a result, the sender must not only compose the
message carefully, but also evaluate the ways in which
the message can be interpreted.
L.Kahari 24
CHANNEL
The message travels from one point to
another via a channel of communication.
The channel sits between the sender and
receiver.
Channels include spoken word to radio,
television, an Internet site or something
written, like a book, letter or magazine.
L.Kahari 25
CHANNEL
Every channel of communication has its advantages
and disadvantages.
E.g., one disadvantage of the written word, on a
computer screen or in a book, is that the receiver
cannot evaluate the tone of the message.
For this reason, effective communicators word written
communications clearly so they don't rely on a specific
tone of voice to convey the message accurately.
The advantages of television as a channel for
communication include its expansive reach to a wide
audience and the sender's ability to further manipulate
the message using editing and special effects.
L.Kahari 26
RECEIVER
The party to whom the sender transmits the
message.
Can be one person or an entire audience of
people.
The best way to receive a message is to listen
carefully, sitting up straight and making eye
contact.
Don’t get distracted or try to do something
else while you're listening.
L.Kahari 27
RECEIVER
The individual/s to whom the message is directed
Once the message is received and examined the
stimulus is sent to the brain for interpreting, in order to
assign type of meaning to it.
The receiver interprets the symbols sent by the sender
,translating the message to their own set of experiences
in order to make symbols meaningful.
L.Kahari 28
FEEDBACK
The last element of effective
communication, feedback, describes the
receiver's response or reaction to the
sender's message.
Feedback is that reaction I just mentioned.
It can be a verbal or nonverbal reaction or
response.
L.Kahari 29
FEEDBACK
It can be external feedback (something we
see) or internal feedback (something we can’t
see).
The receiver can transmit feedback through
asking questions, making comments or just
supporting the message that was delivered.
Feedback helps the sender to determine how
the receiver interpreted the message and how
it can be improved.
Feedback can be positive or negative
L.Kahari 30
Barriers
to
Communication in
academic contexts
Barriers of Communication
•No matter how good the communication system is, unfortunately barriers can and
do often occur .
•These are difficulties involved in the process of communication which distort the
message being properly understood by the receiver
•“barriers prevent the communication from being effective”
•Noise is defined to be “[a]nything that distorts the message intended by the
source,
•anything that interferes with the receiver’s receiving the message as the source
intended the message to be received”
L.Kahari 34
• Physical Distractions • Lack of Interest.
• Channel Barriers. • Lack of Knowledge.
• Long Communication Chain. • Lack of Communication Skills
• Emotional Distractions
• Lack of Sensitivity to • Information overload
Receiver • Conflicting Messages
• Lack of Basic
Communication Skills
• Insufficient Knowledge of
the Subject Transmitting
• Emotional Interference Barriers
• Lacking confidence
Decoding
Barriers.
Encoding • No Provision for Feedback
Barriers • Inadequate Feedback.
Responding
Barriers
Some types of Barriers in Communication:-
1. Physical
2. Psychological
3Language/semantic
4.Organizational structure barrier
5.Cross-cultural Barriers
6.Overcoming barriers
1.Physical /Environmental barriers
Often due to the nature of the environment.
E.g. , a receiver with reduced hearing may not grasp to entirety of a spoken
conversation especially if there is significant background noise.
PSYCHOLOGICAL NOISE
Mental turbulence of any kind which distracts the participant
or prevents him from paying attention to the message
4.Information Overload
ASSIGNMENT 1
Using examples from your academic
context discuss any five language barriers
to effective communication and how each
barrier can be overcome.
Total marks :25
Date due:
Assignment should be typed
REFERENCES
Barnlund, D. C. (1968). Interpersonal Communication:
Survey and Studies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Floyd, K. (2009). Interpersonal communication: The whole
story. Boston: McGraw Hill.
Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. The
Process and Effects of Communication, ed. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press.
Shannon, C., & Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical
Theory of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois
Press.
Towne, N., Adler, R., & Proctor, R. (2011). Looking out
looking in (13th ed.). Cengage Learning.
L.Kahari 61
The End